Coccolithophore

An article about coccolithophores, a type of phytoplankton

Coccolithophores are a unique group of single-celled marine phytoplankton that belong to the class Prymnesiophyceae within the division Haptophyta. These microorganisms are characterized by their production of intricate calcium carbonate plates known as coccoliths, which form a protective covering around the cell. Coccolithophores play a significant role in the global carbon cycle and are an important component of marine ecosystems.

Morphology

Coccolithophores are typically spherical and range in size from 2 to 20 micrometers in diameter. The most distinctive feature of coccolithophores is their external covering of coccoliths. These coccoliths are produced intracellularly and are composed primarily of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. The coccoliths are arranged in a regular pattern on the cell surface, forming a structure known as a coccosphere.

Life Cycle

Coccolithophores exhibit a complex life cycle that includes both haploid and diploid stages. The diploid stage is typically the dominant phase and is responsible for the production of coccoliths. During the haploid stage, coccolithophores do not produce coccoliths and are often referred to as "naked" cells. The transition between these stages is controlled by environmental factors such as light, temperature, and nutrient availability.

Ecological Role

Coccolithophores are a major component of the marine phytoplankton community and contribute significantly to primary production in the oceans. They are particularly abundant in oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) waters and can form extensive blooms that are visible from space. These blooms play a crucial role in the marine carbon cycle by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and transporting it to the deep ocean through the process of biological carbon pump.

Biogeochemical Impact

The calcification process of coccolithophores has a profound impact on the ocean's alkalinity and carbon chemistry. The production of calcium carbonate coccoliths results in the release of carbon dioxide, which can influence the ocean's capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2. Additionally, the sinking of coccoliths contributes to the formation of marine sediments, which are important carbon sinks.

Climate Change and Coccolithophores

Coccolithophores are sensitive to changes in ocean conditions, such as temperature, acidity, and nutrient availability. Ocean acidification, resulting from increased atmospheric CO2, poses a threat to coccolithophore calcification. However, some studies suggest that certain species may be able to adapt to changing conditions, highlighting the need for further research on their resilience and adaptability.

Also see

• Phytoplankton
• Calcium carbonate
• Marine carbon cycle
• Ocean acidification
• Biological carbon pump