Concussion

Concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. Although there may be cuts or bruises on the head or face, there may be no other visible signs of a brain injury.

Signs and Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of a concussion can be subtle and may not show up immediately. Symptoms can last for days, weeks or even longer. Common symptoms after a concussive traumatic brain injury are headache, loss of memory (amnesia) and confusion. Other symptoms include dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and sensitivity to light or noise.

Causes

A concussion is caused by a blow to the head or body that causes the brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, creating chemical changes in the brain and sometimes stretching and damaging brain cells.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a concussion is based on physical and neurological exams, patient's history, and sometimes on imaging tests. The Glasgow Coma Scale can be used to assess the patient's conscious state.

Treatment

Rest and restriction from activities are typically the main treatments for concussion. Over-the-counter pain relievers can be used for headaches, but physicians will not prescribe stronger pain medications because they can mask the symptoms of a concussion.

Prevention

Prevention of concussion involves protection from head injuries. This includes wearing appropriate protective gear during sports and recreational activities, using seat belts and child safety seats in cars, and making living areas safer for seniors, such as removing tripping hazards.

See Also

• Traumatic brain injury
• Post-concussion syndrome
• Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

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