Dental Implants

Classification

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Dental implants are surgical components that interface with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown, bridge, denture, or to act as an orthodontic anchor. The basis for modern dental implants is a biologic process called osseointegration, where materials such as titanium form an intimate bond to bone. The implant fixture is first placed so that it is likely to osseointegrate, then a dental prosthetic is added. A variable amount of healing time is required for osseointegration before either the dental prosthetic (a tooth, bridge or denture) is attached to the implant or an abutment is placed which will hold a dental prosthetic.

History

The concept of osseointegration was introduced in the 1950s by Swedish orthopedic surgeon Per-Ingvar Brånemark, who discovered by accident that titanium could bond perfectly with bone tissue. Over the next few decades, dental implants evolved significantly and became a popular method of restoring missing teeth.

Types of Dental Implants

There are two main types of dental implants:

• Endosteal implants — These are surgically implanted directly into the jawbone. Once the surrounding gum tissue has healed, a second surgery is needed to connect a post to the original implant. Finally, an artificial tooth (or teeth) is attached to the post individually, or grouped on a bridge or denture.
• Subperiosteal implants — These consist of a metal frame that is fitted onto the jawbone just below the gum tissue. As the gums heal, the frame becomes fixed to the jawbone. Posts, which are attached to the frame, protrude through the gums. As with endosteal implants, artificial teeth are then mounted to the posts.

Procedure

The dental implant process involves several steps:

1. Initial consultation and planning, including X-rays and sometimes CT scans, to assess bone quality and quantity.
2. Surgical placement of the implant into the bone.
3. Healing period (osseointegration) lasting from a few weeks to several months.
4. Placement of the abutment, which will hold the dental prosthesis.
5. Fabrication and fitting of the prosthetic tooth or teeth.

Risks and Complications

While dental implants are generally safe, they do carry some risks. These can include infection at the implant site, damage to surrounding teeth or blood vessels, nerve damage which can result in pain or numbness, sinus problems when implants placed in the upper jaw protrude into sinus cavities, and implant failure.

Advantages

Dental implants are considered a better option compared to other teeth replacement options due to their durability and the way they mimic natural teeth in functionality and appearance. They also prevent bone loss that occurs when teeth are missing, and do not affect the surrounding teeth.

Maintenance

Maintaining dental implants involves regular dental check-ups and proper oral hygiene practices including brushing and flossing. Implants can last a lifetime with proper care.

See Also

• Oral hygiene
• Prosthodontics
• Periodontology

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