Developmental language disorder

Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in acquiring and using language due to reasons not attributable to sensory or intellectual impairments, neurological conditions, or environmental factors. DLD affects both understanding (receptive language) and production (expressive language) of language. It is a condition that persists into adulthood, though manifestations may change over time.

Definition

Developmental Language Disorder is defined by a significant discrepancy between an individual's language capabilities and what would be expected for their age, which cannot be explained by hearing loss, intellectual disability, or any other developmental disorder. The term DLD was recommended by a consensus of experts in 2017 to replace a variety of terms, including specific language impairment (SLI), language learning impairment, and language delay.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms of DLD vary widely among individuals but generally include difficulties with vocabulary, grammar, narrative discourse, and social communication. Diagnosis involves comprehensive language assessment that considers the child's language skills in comparison to their nonverbal IQ and general developmental level. Standardized tests and observational measures are used to assess language abilities.

Causes

The exact causes of Developmental Language Disorder are not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Research indicates a strong genetic component, with studies showing an increased prevalence of DLD in families of affected individuals. Environmental factors such as quality of language exposure and socio-economic status also play a role.

Treatment

There is no cure for DLD, but early intervention and speech and language therapy can significantly improve outcomes. Treatment is tailored to the individual's needs and may focus on improving vocabulary, grammar, narrative skills, and social communication. Educational support, including individualized education programs (IEPs), can also be beneficial.

Impact

DLD can have a significant impact on academic achievement, social interactions, and later employment opportunities. Individuals with DLD are at a higher risk for reading difficulties and may experience challenges in social relationships due to communication barriers.

Research Directions

Current research on DLD focuses on identifying genetic markers, understanding the neurobiological basis of the disorder, and developing effective interventions. There is also interest in exploring the long-term outcomes of individuals with DLD and strategies to support them into adulthood.

See Also

• Speech and language pathology
• Neurodevelopmental disorder
• Language acquisition
• Special education