Arterial dissections

Overview of arterial dissections

Arterial Dissections

Illustration of an arterial dissection.

An arterial dissection is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a tear in the inner layer of an artery. This tear allows blood to enter the wall of the artery, splitting its layers and creating a false lumen. This can lead to a variety of complications, including stroke, aneurysm, or ischemia.

Pathophysiology

Arterial dissections can occur in any artery, but they are most commonly seen in the aorta, carotid artery, and vertebral artery. The dissection begins with a tear in the tunica intima, the innermost layer of the artery. Blood then enters the arterial wall, creating a false lumen between the intima and the tunica media. This can lead to a reduction in blood flow to vital organs, depending on the location of the dissection.

Causes

The exact cause of arterial dissections is not always clear, but several risk factors have been identified. These include:

• Hypertension
• Connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Trauma
• Atherosclerosis
• Genetic predisposition

Symptoms

The symptoms of an arterial dissection can vary depending on the location of the dissection. Common symptoms include:

• Sudden, severe pain in the affected area
• Neurological symptoms such as headache, dizziness, or vision changes
• Weakness or numbness in limbs
• Chest pain or back pain in the case of aortic dissection

Diagnosis

Magnetic resonance imaging of an aortic dissection.

Diagnosis of arterial dissection typically involves imaging studies. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are commonly used to visualize the dissection and assess its extent. Ultrasound may also be used, particularly for carotid artery dissections.

Treatment

The treatment of arterial dissection depends on the location and severity of the dissection. Options include:

• Medical management with antihypertensive drugs and anticoagulants
• Endovascular repair using stents or coils
• Surgical intervention in severe cases

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with arterial dissection varies. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Complications such as stroke or organ failure can significantly impact prognosis.

Prevention

Preventive measures for arterial dissection focus on controlling risk factors. This includes managing blood pressure, avoiding trauma, and monitoring individuals with known connective tissue disorders.

Related pages

• Aortic dissection
• Carotid artery dissection
• Vertebral artery dissection
• Stroke