Abdominal distension

Abdominal Distension

Abdominal distension refers to the sensation of increased abdominal pressure and fullness, often accompanied by visible swelling of the abdomen. It is a common clinical symptom that can result from a variety of underlying conditions, ranging from benign to serious.

Causes

Abdominal distension can be caused by several factors, including:

• Gas: Excessive gas in the intestines can lead to bloating and distension. This can be due to swallowing air, consuming carbonated beverages, or the breakdown of certain foods by intestinal bacteria.
• Constipation: Accumulation of stool in the colon can cause the abdomen to distend.
• Ascites: The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, often due to liver disease, heart failure, or cancer, can cause distension.
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder that often presents with bloating and abdominal distension.
• Obstruction: Intestinal obstruction, whether due to a mechanical blockage or paralytic ileus, can lead to significant distension.
• Pregnancy: As the uterus expands, it can cause the abdomen to distend.
• Tumors: Large intra-abdominal masses, such as ovarian cysts or tumors, can cause distension.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of abdominal distension is a noticeable increase in abdominal girth. Other associated symptoms may include:

• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Feeling of fullness or pressure
• Nausea or vomiting
• Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation
• Shortness of breath, if the distension is severe

Diagnosis

Diagnosing the cause of abdominal distension involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, followed by appropriate diagnostic tests. These may include:

• Abdominal X-ray: To check for signs of obstruction or excessive gas.
• Ultrasound: Useful for evaluating fluid accumulation and organ enlargement.
• CT scan: Provides detailed images of the abdominal organs and can help identify masses or obstructions.
• Blood tests: To assess liver function, kidney function, and to check for signs of infection or inflammation.

Treatment

Treatment of abdominal distension depends on the underlying cause:

• Dietary changes: Reducing intake of gas-producing foods and beverages.
• Medications: Such as laxatives for constipation, or antibiotics for infections.
• Procedures: Paracentesis to remove excess fluid in cases of ascites.
• Surgery: May be necessary for obstructions or tumors.

Prevention

Preventive measures for abdominal distension include:

• Eating smaller, more frequent meals
• Avoiding carbonated drinks and chewing gum
• Increasing dietary fiber intake gradually
• Staying hydrated

Also see

• Bloating
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Liver disease
• Ovarian cyst