Enterovirus antenatal infection

Enterovirus Antenatal Infection

Enterovirus antenatal infection refers to the transmission of enteroviruses from a pregnant individual to their fetus during pregnancy. Enteroviruses are a genus of RNA viruses that include polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enteroviruses. These viruses are known to cause a variety of diseases, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe, potentially life-threatening conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, and myocarditis. Antenatal, or prenatal, transmission of these viruses can lead to significant neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Transmission

The transmission of enteroviruses from mother to fetus can occur via several routes. The most common route is vertical transmission, which can happen during pregnancy through the placenta, at delivery via exposure to infected maternal secretions, or postnatally through breast milk. The risk of transmission and the severity of the infection in the fetus or newborn depend on the timing of the infection during pregnancy, the specific type of enterovirus, and the immune status of the mother and the fetus.

Clinical Manifestations

The clinical manifestations of enterovirus antenatal infection can vary widely. In some cases, the infection may be asymptomatic or cause mild illness in the neonate. However, in severe cases, it can lead to fetal hydrops, myocarditis, hepatitis, and coagulopathy, among other conditions. The most severe outcomes, including neonatal death, are associated with infections that occur early in pregnancy.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of enterovirus antenatal infection involves a combination of maternal history, neonatal clinical signs, and laboratory tests. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue samples can be used to detect enterovirus RNA, providing direct evidence of infection. Serological tests to detect enterovirus-specific antibodies may also be useful in some cases.

Treatment and Prevention

There is no specific antiviral treatment for enterovirus infections. Management of affected neonates focuses on supportive care, which may include hospitalization, intravenous fluids, and treatment of specific symptoms. Prevention of enterovirus antenatal infection primarily involves general measures to avoid enterovirus infection during pregnancy, such as hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with individuals who have enterovirus infections.

Conclusion

Enterovirus antenatal infection represents a significant risk to fetal and neonatal health. While most infections are mild, the potential for severe disease underscores the importance of prevention and early recognition. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms of transmission and to develop specific treatments and preventive measures.