Female genital mutilation in India
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Female genital mutilation in India
Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision, is a practice that involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. This practice is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. In India, FGM is primarily practiced among the Dawoodi Bohra community, a sect within Shia Islam.
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
FGM in India is predominantly found within the Dawoodi Bohra community, which is concentrated in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and parts of Madhya Pradesh. The practice is also reported among other Bohra sub-sects such as the Alavi Bohra and Atba-i-Malak.
Types of FGM[edit | edit source]
The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies FGM into four major types:
- Type I: Clitoridectomy – partial or total removal of the clitoris.
- Type II: Excision – partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora.
- Type III: Infibulation – narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal.
- Type IV: Other – all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes.
In India, Type I FGM, also known as Sunna, is the most commonly practiced form.
Cultural and Religious Context[edit | edit source]
The practice of FGM within the Dawoodi Bohra community is often justified on religious and cultural grounds. It is believed to be a rite of passage and a means to ensure purity, modesty, and control of women's sexuality. However, there is no mention of FGM in the Quran, and many Islamic scholars and organizations have condemned the practice.
Health Consequences[edit | edit source]
FGM has no health benefits and can lead to severe physical and psychological consequences. Immediate complications can include severe pain, bleeding, infection, and even death. Long-term consequences may include chronic pain, infections, decreased sexual pleasure, complications during childbirth, and psychological trauma.
Legal Status[edit | edit source]
As of now, there is no specific law in India that bans FGM. However, the practice can be prosecuted under existing laws such as the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) and the Indian Penal Code (IPC) under sections related to causing grievous hurt and assault.
Activism and Advocacy[edit | edit source]
Several organizations and activists in India are working towards the eradication of FGM. Notable among them are Sahiyo, WeSpeakOut, and the Masooma Ranalvi-led campaign. These groups focus on raising awareness, providing support to survivors, and advocating for legal reforms.
Related Pages[edit | edit source]
- Human rights in India
- Women's rights in India
- Child protection in India
- Health in India
- Islam in India
See Also[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
