Follicular cyst

Follicular cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on or in the ovaries. They are the most common type of ovarian cysts and are closely related to the menstrual cycle. Follicular cysts are typically benign (non-cancerous) and often resolve on their own without treatment. They are most commonly found in women of reproductive age but can occur at any age.

Causes and Development

Follicular cysts develop when the follicle, a small sac in the ovary that contains an egg, fails to break open and release an egg during ovulation. Instead, it continues to grow and becomes a cyst. The exact cause of this failure to ovulate is not always clear, but it can be related to hormonal imbalances or other underlying health conditions.

Symptoms

Many women with follicular cysts experience no symptoms and may only become aware of the cysts during a routine pelvic exam or imaging test for another reason. When symptoms do occur, they can include:

• Pain in the lower abdomen on the side of the cyst
• Fullness or heaviness in the abdomen
• Bloating
• Changes in the menstrual cycle, such as irregular periods or spotting

Severe symptoms, such as sudden, severe abdominal pain, fever, or vomiting, may indicate a complication like cyst rupture or Ovarian torsion, which requires immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis

Follicular cysts are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical exams, medical history, and imaging tests such as Ultrasound. During the ultrasound, the cyst's size, shape, and location can be determined, helping to distinguish follicular cysts from other types of ovarian cysts or masses.

Treatment

Treatment for follicular cysts depends on the size of the cyst, the symptoms, and whether there are any complications. Many follicular cysts resolve on their own within one to three months and do not require treatment. For symptomatic cysts, treatment options may include:

• Pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain medications can help alleviate discomfort.
• Hormonal contraceptives: Birth control pills may prevent the formation of new cysts but do not shrink existing ones.
• Surgery: In rare cases, when cysts are large, persistent, or causing symptoms, surgical removal may be necessary.

Prevention

There is no guaranteed way to prevent follicular cysts, but regular pelvic exams can help detect changes in the ovaries early. Managing underlying conditions that affect the menstrual cycle, such as PCOS, may also reduce the risk of developing ovarian cysts.

Conclusion

Follicular cysts are a common gynecological condition that often resolves without intervention. However, awareness of their potential symptoms and complications is important for timely diagnosis and management. Women experiencing unusual pelvic pain or changes in their menstrual cycle should consult a healthcare provider for evaluation.