Fructooligosaccharides

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are oligosaccharides that occur naturally in plants. They are composed of linear chains of fructose units, linked by β(2→1) bonds. The number of fructose units in FOS can range from two to sixty, but commercial FOS typically contains chains of two to four fructose units. One of the key features of FOS is that they are not digested by enzymes in the human digestive system, which means they reach the colon intact where they serve as a food source for beneficial bacteria.

Sources

FOS are found in a variety of plants, including chicory root, onions, asparagus, wheat, and bananas. Among these, chicory root is one of the richest sources and is often used for the commercial extraction of FOS.

Health Benefits

FOS are considered a type of dietary fiber and have been associated with several health benefits. They act as prebiotics, substances that stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms in the digestive system. This can lead to improved gut health and has been linked to a variety of positive health outcomes, including enhanced digestion, improved immune function, and reduced risk of certain diseases.

Gut Health

By promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, FOS can help maintain a healthy balance of gut microbiota. This can lead to improved bowel regularity and a reduced risk of gastrointestinal infections.

Immune Function

A healthy gut microbiota is essential for a strong immune system. By enhancing gut health, FOS can indirectly support immune function, potentially reducing the incidence of infections and inflammation.

Disease Risk Reduction

Some studies suggest that FOS may play a role in reducing the risk of certain diseases, including colorectal cancer, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. However, more research is needed to fully understand these relationships.

Side Effects

While FOS are generally considered safe, excessive intake can lead to digestive discomfort, including gas, bloating, and diarrhea. It is recommended to increase dietary intake gradually to allow the gut microbiota to adjust.

Commercial Use

FOS are used in a variety of food products as a sweetener, dietary fiber supplement, and prebiotic ingredient. They are found in products such as yogurt, cereal, bread, and dietary supplements.

Conclusion

Fructooligosaccharides offer a range of health benefits, primarily through their role as prebiotics. While they are a valuable addition to the diet, it is important to consume them in moderation to avoid digestive discomfort.