Functional gastrointestinal disorders

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a group of disorders characterized by persistent and recurring gastrointestinal symptoms without any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. These disorders are common and can significantly impact the quality of life of affected individuals.

Classification

FGIDs are classified based on the region of the gastrointestinal tract they affect. The most common FGIDs include:

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Functional Dyspepsia
• Functional Constipation
• Functional Diarrhea
• Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome

Pathophysiology

The exact pathophysiology of FGIDs is not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute to their development:

• Visceral Hypersensitivity: Patients with FGIDs often have an increased sensitivity to pain in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Altered Gut Motility: Abnormalities in the movement of the gastrointestinal tract can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea or constipation.
• Brain-Gut Axis Dysfunction: The communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract may be disrupted in FGIDs.
• Psychosocial Factors: Stress, anxiety, and depression can exacerbate symptoms of FGIDs.
• Microbiota Imbalance: Changes in the gut microbiota may play a role in the development of FGIDs.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of FGIDs is primarily based on clinical criteria, as there are no specific tests to confirm these disorders. The Rome Criteria are commonly used to diagnose FGIDs. These criteria are symptom-based and help differentiate FGIDs from other gastrointestinal diseases.

Management

Management of FGIDs involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and pharmacological treatments:

• Dietary Modifications: Patients may benefit from a low FODMAP diet, increased fiber intake, or avoidance of specific trigger foods.
• Pharmacological Treatments: Medications such as antispasmodics, laxatives, or antidepressants may be used to manage symptoms.
• Psychological Therapies: Cognitive-behavioral therapy and other psychological interventions can be effective in managing FGIDs.

Prognosis

FGIDs are chronic conditions that can fluctuate over time. While they are not life-threatening, they can significantly affect a person's quality of life. With appropriate management, many patients can achieve symptom relief and improve their daily functioning.

Also see

• Gastroenterology
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Celiac Disease
• Gut Microbiota