GFRα2

GFRα2 (GDNF family receptor alpha-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GFRA2 gene. It is a member of the GDNF family receptors, which are part of the GDNF family of ligands (GFLs). GFRα2 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface receptor that mediates the effects of neurturin (NRTN), a neurotrophic factor.

Structure

GFRα2 is a GPI-anchored protein, which means it is attached to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. This structure allows it to interact with other cell surface receptors and mediate intracellular signaling pathways. The protein consists of several domains that are crucial for ligand binding and receptor activation.

Function

GFRα2 primarily functions as a receptor for neurturin, a member of the GDNF family of ligands. Upon binding to neurturin, GFRα2 interacts with the RET proto-oncogene to form a receptor complex that initiates intracellular signaling cascades. These signaling pathways are essential for the survival, development, and maintenance of various types of neurons, including parasympathetic neurons, enteric neurons, and sensory neurons.

Expression

The expression of GFRα2 is predominantly found in the nervous system, particularly in regions associated with the development and maintenance of the peripheral nervous system. It is also expressed in some non-neuronal tissues, indicating its diverse roles in different biological processes.

Clinical Significance

Mutations or dysregulation of the GFRA2 gene or its protein product can lead to various neurological disorders. Research has shown that alterations in GFRα2 signaling are implicated in conditions such as Hirschsprung's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain types of neuropathies.

Related Proteins

GFRα2 is one of several GFRα receptors, including GFRα1, GFRα3, and GFRα4. Each of these receptors has distinct but sometimes overlapping roles in mediating the effects of different GDNF family ligands.

Research

Ongoing research is focused on understanding the detailed mechanisms of GFRα2 signaling and its interactions with other proteins. This research aims to develop therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with GFRα2 dysfunction.

See Also

• GDNF family receptor
• Neurturin
• RET proto-oncogene
• Peripheral nervous system
• Hirschsprung's disease
• Parkinson's disease