Generalized epilepsy

Generalized Epilepsy

EEG showing spike-wave discharges typical of generalized epilepsy

Generalized epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by seizures that originate simultaneously in both hemispheres of the brain. This condition is distinct from focal epilepsy, where seizures begin in a specific area of the brain. Generalized epilepsy can manifest in various forms, including absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and atonic seizures.

Types of Generalized Seizures

Absence Seizures

Absence seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, are brief episodes of staring and unresponsiveness. They are most common in children and can occur multiple times a day. During an absence seizure, the individual may appear to be daydreaming and will not respond to external stimuli.

Myoclonic Seizures

Myoclonic seizures involve sudden, brief jerks or twitches of a muscle or group of muscles. These seizures can occur in clusters and are often mistaken for normal muscle twitches or tics.

Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Illustration of generalized spike-wave activity

Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are characterized by a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. These seizures typically have two phases: the tonic phase, where the body becomes rigid, and the clonic phase, where the body experiences rhythmic jerking.

Atonic Seizures

Atonic seizures, also called drop attacks, involve a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to a collapse or fall. These seizures can result in injuries due to the sudden loss of postural control.

Causes and Risk Factors

Generalized epilepsy can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, brain injuries, infections, and developmental disorders. In many cases, the exact cause remains unknown. Risk factors for developing generalized epilepsy include a family history of epilepsy, certain genetic syndromes, and prenatal or perinatal brain injuries.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of generalized epilepsy typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, electroencephalogram (EEG) testing, and neuroimaging. EEG is particularly useful in identifying the characteristic spike-wave patterns associated with generalized seizures. Neuroimaging, such as MRI or CT scan, may be used to rule out structural abnormalities in the brain.

Treatment

Treatment for generalized epilepsy often involves the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to control seizures. Common medications include valproic acid, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam. In some cases, dietary therapies such as the ketogenic diet or surgical interventions may be considered.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with generalized epilepsy varies depending on the type and frequency of seizures, as well as the individual's response to treatment. Many people with generalized epilepsy can achieve good seizure control with medication, while others may continue to experience seizures despite treatment.

Related Pages

• Epilepsy
• Focal epilepsy
• Seizure
• Electroencephalogram