Granulomatous mastitis

Granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory condition of the breast tissue that often mimics breast cancer both clinically and radiologically. It is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are small areas of inflammation, within the breast tissue. The exact cause of granulomatous mastitis remains unknown, but it is believed to be associated with autoimmune reactions, bacterial infections, and possibly the presence of certain types of ductal cells in the breast.

Etiology

The etiology of granulomatous mastitis is not fully understood, but several factors have been proposed. These include autoimmune reactions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy breast tissue, leading to inflammation and granuloma formation. Infections, particularly with certain bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (in cases of tuberculous mastitis) and Corynebacterium species, have also been implicated. Additionally, the condition has been associated with the blockage of milk ducts and the leakage of milk into the breast tissue, which may trigger an inflammatory response.

Symptoms

Symptoms of granulomatous mastitis can vary but often include painful lumps in the breast, skin redness, and nipple discharge. The affected area may also feel hard to the touch and can be accompanied by fever and malaise in some cases. Due to its similar presentation to breast cancer, it is crucial for individuals experiencing these symptoms to seek medical evaluation for an accurate diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as mammography and ultrasound, and tissue biopsy. A biopsy, where a small sample of breast tissue is removed and examined under a microscope, is essential for confirming the presence of granulomas and ruling out malignancy.

Treatment

Treatment options for granulomatous mastitis vary depending on the severity of the condition and the symptoms presented by the patient. Approaches can include antibiotics for bacterial infections, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and surgery to remove damaged tissue in severe cases. In some instances, the condition may resolve spontaneously without the need for treatment.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with granulomatous mastitis is generally good, especially with prompt and appropriate treatment. However, the condition can recur, and ongoing medical follow-up may be necessary to monitor for potential complications or relapse.

See also

• Breast diseases
• Mastitis
• Inflammatory breast cancer