Haller cell

Haller cells, also known as infraorbital ethmoid air cells, are a variant of paranasal sinuses located beneath the orbital floor and are closely associated with the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus. These anatomical structures are named after Albrecht von Haller, an 18th-century Swiss anatomist who first described them. Haller cells are of clinical significance due to their potential impact on sinus drainage and their relationship to various sinus diseases.

Anatomy

Haller cells are air-filled cavities that vary in size and number among individuals. They are considered an anatomical variation rather than a standard feature in human anatomy. These cells can extend into the maxillary sinus, the ethmoid sinus, or both, and are located in the most inferior part of the ethmoid labyrinth, adjacent to the orbit. Their presence can narrow the infundibulum, a critical pathway for sinus drainage, potentially leading to obstruction and subsequent sinusitis.

Clinical Significance

The presence of Haller cells is of particular interest in the field of otolaryngology and radiology because they can contribute to sinus pathology by obstructing normal sinus drainage. This obstruction can lead to conditions such as sinusitis, ethmoiditis, and other complications. During endoscopic sinus surgery, identification and possible removal of Haller cells may be necessary to improve sinus ventilation and drainage.

In diagnostic imaging, particularly computed tomography (CT) scans of the sinuses, Haller cells can be identified as bony partitions within the ethmoid sinus, close to the orbit. Their identification is crucial in pre-surgical planning to avoid complications related to the optic nerve and the orbit.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of Haller cells and associated conditions typically involves imaging studies, with CT scans being the most definitive method for identifying these structures and assessing their impact on sinus anatomy and function. Treatment may not be necessary unless the Haller cells contribute to sinus obstruction and recurrent or chronic sinusitis. In such cases, Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) may be performed to remove the cells and improve sinus drainage.

Conclusion

Haller cells are an anatomical variation with potential clinical significance due to their impact on sinus drainage and susceptibility to sinus diseases. Awareness and identification of these cells are essential in the diagnosis and management of sinus conditions, particularly in candidates for sinus surgery.

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