History of Jainism

Kankali Tila (Samvat 95)

Mahavir

Jina Parsvanatha, Western India, Gujarat, 8th century AD, brass - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01581

Photo of lord adinath bhagwan at kundalpur

Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE

History of Jainism

The History of Jainism concerns a religion that originated in ancient India, which is centered around the principles of non-violence (ahimsa), truth (satya), non-stealing (asteya), chastity (brahmacharya), and non-attachment (aparigraha). Jainism has played a significant role in the cultural, ethical, political, and social spheres of the Indian subcontinent over the centuries. This article explores the origins, key figures, religious texts, and the historical development of Jainism.

Origins

Jainism is believed to have originated in the Indus Valley Civilization, around the 9th century BCE. However, the religion as it is known today was more formally established by its 24th and last Tirthankara (spiritual teacher), Mahavira, in the 6th century BCE. Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana, was a contemporary of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism.

Tirthankaras

The spiritual leaders of Jainism are known as Tirthankaras. Jain texts mention that there have been 24 Tirthankaras in the current time cycle, with Rishabhanatha being the first and Mahavira being the last. Each Tirthankara revitalizes the Jain community and preaches the eternal truths of the religion.

Sects

After Mahavira's death, Jainism gradually divided into two major sects around the 3rd century BCE: the Digambara (sky-clad) and the Svetambara (white-clad). The division was mainly due to differences in religious practices and doctrines, particularly regarding asceticism and the interpretation of Mahavira's teachings.

Spread and Influence

Jainism spread throughout the Indian subcontinent during the 1st millennium BCE and the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE. It received patronage from various Indian dynasties, such as the Gupta Empire and the Chalukya dynasty, which helped in the construction of temples and the propagation of Jain philosophy. Despite never becoming the dominant religion in India, Jainism has significantly influenced Indian culture, especially in the areas of vegetarianism, non-violence, and the moral principles of Indian religions.

Literature

Jain literature is vast and includes the Agamas and Siddhanta texts, which are the holy scriptures of the Svetambara and Digambara sects, respectively. Other important texts include commentaries, ethics, philosophy, and histories, written in languages such as Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Tamil.

Modern Times

In the modern era, Jainism has faced challenges due to the migration and the changing socio-economic landscape of India. However, it has also adapted, with Jains establishing communities in various parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Africa. The religion continues to thrive, with millions of followers globally, and plays a significant role in promoting peace, non-violence, and environmental conservation.

Conclusion

The history of Jainism is a testament to its resilience and the enduring appeal of its teachings. Despite the challenges over the centuries, Jainism has maintained its identity and continues to influence the lives of its adherents and the broader Indian culture. Its emphasis on non-violence, truth, and ethical living is more relevant today than ever.