Interleukin-1 family

Overview

The Interleukin-1 family is a group of 11 cytokines, which plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults. These cytokines are part of the larger interleukin family and are primarily produced by activated macrophages, as well as other cell types such as dendritic cells, fibroblasts, and some epithelial cells.

Members of the Interleukin-1 Family

The Interleukin-1 family consists of the following members:

• Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1_)
• Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1_)
• Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)
• Interleukin-18 (IL-18)
• Interleukin-33 (IL-33)
• Interleukin-36 alpha (IL-36_)
• Interleukin-36 beta (IL-36_)
• Interleukin-36 gamma (IL-36_)
• Interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra)
• Interleukin-37 (IL-37)
• Interleukin-38 (IL-38)

Structure and Function

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Structure of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1_)

The members of the Interleukin-1 family are characterized by their similar structure, which includes a conserved beta-trefoil fold. This structural motif is crucial for their interaction with specific cytokine receptors.

IL-1_ and IL-1_ are the most studied members of this family and are known for their potent pro-inflammatory effects. They bind to the Interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) and recruit the Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) to initiate signaling cascades that lead to the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-_B) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs).

Biological Roles

The Interleukin-1 family cytokines are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including:

• Inflammation: IL-1_ is a key mediator of the inflammatory response, promoting the expression of adhesion molecules, chemokines, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines.
• Fever: IL-1_ acts on the hypothalamus to induce fever, a common response to infection.
• Immune Response: These cytokines enhance the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and B cells, thus playing a crucial role in adaptive immunity.
• Tissue Repair: Some members, like IL-33, are involved in tissue repair and homeostasis.

Clinical Significance

Dysregulation of Interleukin-1 family cytokines is associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. For instance, excessive production of IL-1_ is implicated in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and type 2 diabetes.

Therapeutic strategies targeting the Interleukin-1 pathway, such as the use of IL-1 receptor antagonists, have been developed to treat these conditions.

Related Pages

• Cytokine
• Inflammation
• Immune system
• Autoimmune disease