Iron overdose

Iron overdose refers to the toxic accumulation of iron within the body, which can occur after ingesting excessive amounts of this essential mineral. Iron is crucial for various bodily functions, including oxygen transport and DNA synthesis. However, its levels are tightly regulated, as both deficiency and excess can lead to serious health issues. Iron overdose is particularly dangerous and can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not treated promptly and effectively.

Causes

Iron overdose typically results from the accidental or intentional ingestion of iron-containing supplements, often seen in children who mistake them for candy. Adults may overdose on iron supplements due to misunderstanding dosing instructions or in an attempt at self-harm. Additionally, individuals with certain genetic conditions, such as Hemochromatosis, may accumulate toxic levels of iron in their bodies over time, even without excessive intake.

Symptoms

The symptoms of iron overdose can vary widely and are often described in stages. Initially, symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. These can progress to more severe symptoms such as hypotension, coma, seizures, and metabolic acidosis. In the late stages, iron overdose can cause liver failure, cardiac arrest, and death.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of iron overdose involves a combination of clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Blood tests are crucial for measuring serum iron levels, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation. A liver biopsy may be necessary in cases where liver damage is suspected.

Treatment

Treatment for iron overdose focuses on stabilizing the patient, preventing further absorption of iron, and removing excess iron from the body. Initial management may include gastric lavage or the administration of activated charcoal if the ingestion was recent. Chelation therapy, using agents such as deferoxamine, is the mainstay of treatment for removing excess iron from the body. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care, including dialysis for kidney failure or liver transplant for liver failure, may be necessary.

Prevention

Preventing iron overdose involves educating the public about the dangers of excessive iron intake and ensuring that iron supplements are stored out of reach of children. Individuals at risk of iron overload due to genetic conditions should be monitored regularly by healthcare professionals.