Jackstone calculus

Jackstone Calculus is a type of urinary calculus or kidney stone that is characterized by its unique shape, which resembles a toy jack or a star. It is a rare form of kidney stone and is often associated with severe urinary tract infections.

Etiology

The exact cause of jackstone calculus is not well understood. However, it is believed to be associated with chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly those caused by Proteus mirabilis, a bacterium that produces a urease enzyme. This enzyme breaks down urea in the urine, leading to an alkaline environment that promotes the formation of struvite stones, which can take on the distinctive jackstone shape.

Symptoms

The symptoms of jackstone calculus are similar to those of other types of kidney stones. These may include severe pain in the back or side, blood in the urine (hematuria), frequent urination, and urinary tract infections. In some cases, jackstone calculus may lead to renal failure if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis

Jackstone calculus is typically diagnosed through imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, or intravenous pyelogram (IVP). The distinctive shape of the stone can often be seen on these images.

Treatment

Treatment for jackstone calculus typically involves surgical removal of the stone, as it is often too large to pass naturally through the urinary tract. This may be done through a procedure called percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), in which a small incision is made in the back and a nephroscope is used to remove the stone. In some cases, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) may be used to break the stone into smaller pieces that can be passed naturally.

Prognosis

With prompt treatment, the prognosis for jackstone calculus is generally good. However, recurrence is common, particularly in patients with chronic urinary tract infections. Therefore, long-term management often involves measures to prevent UTIs and monitor for the formation of new stones.