Urinary calculus

Urinary calculus, also known as a urinary tract stone, is a solid piece of material that forms in the urinary tract when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated.

Causes

Urinary calculus is caused by a buildup of substances such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid. Additionally, a lack of substances that prevent crystal formation in the urine can lead to urinary calculus. Certain medical conditions can lead to an increased risk of developing urinary calculus, including gout, hypercalciuria, hyperparathyroidism, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Symptoms

Symptoms of urinary calculus can vary depending on the size and location of the stone. Small stones may not cause any symptoms, while larger stones can cause severe pain, hematuria (blood in the urine), and urinary tract infections. Other symptoms can include frequent urination, pain during urination, and lower abdominal pain.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of urinary calculus typically involves a physical examination, a review of the patient's medical history, and diagnostic tests such as a urinalysis, blood test, computed tomography (CT) scan, or ultrasound.

Treatment

Treatment for urinary calculus depends on the size and location of the stone, as well as the patient's overall health. Small stones can often be passed naturally through the urine, while larger stones may require medical intervention. Treatment options can include medication to help pass the stone, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, or surgery.

Prevention

Prevention of urinary calculus involves lifestyle changes such as drinking plenty of fluids, reducing intake of dietary oxalates and animal proteins, and maintaining a healthy weight. Medication may also be prescribed to help prevent stones in individuals who are at high risk.

See also

• Kidney stone
• Bladder stone
• Urolithiasis