Jain cosmology

Dravya

Jain universe

Trilok Teerth Dham

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14 Rajaloka or Triloka, 17th century

Jambudweep Rachna

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Sankhitta Sangheyani Cosmography

Jain Cosmology is an intricate and detailed aspect of Jainism, a religion and philosophy originating in ancient India. It presents a unique view of the universe that is markedly different from other Indian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. Jain cosmology divides the universe into three main parts: the upper world (Urdhva Loka), the middle world (Madhya Loka), and the lower world (Adho Loka).

Universe Structure

The universe, according to Jain thought, is eternal, having no beginning or end, and is uncreated. It operates on its own accord by universal laws without the need for a creator god. The structure of the universe is divided into:

• Urdhva Loka - The upper world, home to the heavens and celestial beings. It consists of various heavens where beings enjoy the fruits of their good karma.
• Madhya Loka - The middle world, where humans, animals, and plants reside. It is the realm where human beings live across countless continents and oceans, with Jambudvipa being at the center.
• Adho Loka - The lower world, consisting of seven hells inhabited by hellish beings suffering from their bad karma.

Karma and Samsara

In Jain cosmology, karma plays a crucial role in determining the soul's journey and its rebirth in the various realms. The concept of Samsara, or the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, is central to understanding the movement of souls across different realms based on their karmic attachments.

Time Cycles

Jain cosmology also introduces the concept of time cycles, known as Kalachakra. The universe undergoes endless cycles of progress (Utsarpini) and decline (Avasarpini), each divided into six epochs. Currently, it is believed that we are in the fifth epoch of the Avasarpini phase.

Cosmological Texts

Several texts within Jain literature provide detailed descriptions of the cosmos, including the Tattvartha Sutra, which systematically presents Jain philosophy and cosmology, and the Sutrakritanga, one of the earliest Jain scriptures.

Significance

Jain cosmology not only offers a comprehensive view of the universe but also serves as a moral and ethical guide for Jains. The detailed description of the universe and the laws governing it reflect the importance of non-violence (Ahimsa), karma, and the pursuit of liberation (Moksha) in Jain thought.