Tattvartha Sutra

Samyak Darsana Chart

Tattvartha Sutra (Sanskrit: तत्त्वार्थसूत्र), also known as the Tattvarthadhigama Sutra, is a Jain text written by Acharya Umaswami (or Umaswati), believed to have been composed in the 2nd century CE. It holds the distinction of being the first Jain scripture written in the Sanskrit language. The Tattvartha Sutra is revered across all major sects of Jainism, making it a rare text that serves as a common doctrinal foundation. The scripture systematically presents the Jain philosophy and ethics, encapsulating the core tenets of Jainism in 350 sutras (aphorisms) divided across ten chapters.

Overview

The Tattvartha Sutra articulates the seven fundamental truths (Tattvas) of Jainism: Jiva (soul), Ajiva (non-soul), Asrava (influx of karma), Bandha (bondage of karma), Samvara (stoppage of karma), Nirjara (shedding of karma), and Moksha (liberation). These principles form the foundation of Jain metaphysics, emphasizing the importance of understanding the nature of reality and the path to liberation.

Structure

The text is organized into ten chapters, each focusing on different aspects of Jain philosophy:

1. The nature of reality
2. The classification of living beings
3. The nature of karma
4. The means of attaining knowledge
5. The vows and conduct necessary for liberation
6. The mechanism of bondage and liberation
7. The obstacles to liberation
8. The structure of the universe
9. The time cycle
10. The path to liberation

Significance

The Tattvartha Sutra is significant for several reasons. It is the only text that is acknowledged by all Jain sects (Digambara and Svetambara) as authoritative, making it a unifying scripture within Jainism. Its systematic approach to presenting Jain doctrine has made it a foundational text for Jain philosophy and ethics, serving as a primary reference for both scholars and practitioners.

Teachings

The teachings of the Tattvartha Sutra emphasize the importance of right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct (Ratnatraya) as the path to liberation. It outlines the ethical practices necessary for spiritual progress, including the five great vows (Mahavratas): non-violence (Ahimsa), truth (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), celibacy (Brahmacharya), and non-attachment (Aparigraha).

Influence

The Tattvartha Sutra has had a profound influence on Jain thought and practice. Its comprehensive coverage of Jain doctrine has inspired numerous commentaries and interpretations across different Jain traditions. The text has also played a crucial role in the dissemination of Jain teachings beyond India, contributing to the global understanding of Jainism.

See Also

• Jain texts
• Jain philosophy
• Acharya Umaswami
• Ratnatraya
• Mahavratas