Karma in Jainism

Types of Karma

Gati or existences

Lesya

Reincarnation AS

Karma AS

Karma in Jainism refers to the philosophy of karma as it is uniquely elaborated in Jainism, one of the oldest religions of the world originating in India. Unlike the concepts of karma in other Indian religions, Jain karma is not merely a philosophical or moral doctrine but is considered a tangible substance that interacts with and binds to the soul (Jiva) through the actions and thoughts of individuals. This article explores the intricate details of karma in Jainism, its types, the mechanism of its bondage to the soul, and its significance in the path to liberation (Moksha).

Concept of Karma in Jainism

In Jainism, karma is perceived as a fine particulate substance that pervades the entire universe. This substance binds to the soul as a result of one's actions, thoughts, and emotions, influencing the future experiences and rebirths of the individual. The interaction between the soul and karma is governed by the principles of cause and effect, where every action (good or bad) leads to a corresponding outcome that the soul must experience.

Types of Karma

Jain texts categorize karma into eight main types, which are further divided into two groups: Ghati Karma (destructive karma) and Aghati Karma (non-destructive karma).

Ghati Karma

Ghati Karma directly affects the spiritual qualities of the soul, including its knowledge, perception, power, and bliss. The four types of Ghati Karma are:

1. Jnanavarniya Karma: Obscures the soul's knowledge.
2. Darshanavarniya Karma: Obscures the soul's perception.
3. Mohanīya Karma: Affects the soul's faith and conduct, leading to delusion.
4. Antarāya Karma: Creates obstacles in the soul's capacity to achieve its desires.

Aghati Karma

Aghati Karma affects the non-spiritual aspects of the soul, such as its lifespan, body, and the enjoyment of material things. The four types of Aghati Karma are:

1. Ayu Karma: Determines the lifespan of an individual in a particular birth.
2. Nama Karma: Determines the physical features, social status, and family.
3. Gotra Karma: Influences one's social standing and relationships.
4. Vedaniya Karma: Dictates the pleasure and pain experienced by the soul.

Bondage of Karma

The bondage of karma to the soul is determined by the nature of one's actions. Actions performed with passion (Kashaya - anger, ego, deceit, and greed) result in a thicker bondage of karma, while actions performed with equanimity lead to weaker bonds. The intensity and duration of karma's bondage depend on the passion, the object, the context, and the execution of the action.

Liberation from Karma

The ultimate goal in Jainism is liberation (Moksha), which is achieved by completely shedding all karmic particles bound to the soul. This is accomplished through living a life of righteousness (Dharma), following the three jewels of Jainism (Ratnatraya): right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct. The path to liberation involves strict adherence to non-violence (Ahimsa), truth (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), celibacy (Brahmacharya), and non-attachment (Aparigraha).

Significance of Karma in Jain Philosophy

Karma in Jainism underscores the profound connection between one's actions and the cycle of birth and rebirth (Samsara). It emphasizes personal responsibility for one's destiny, advocating for ethical living and spiritual purification as the means to liberation. The doctrine of karma in Jainism serves as a moral compass guiding adherents towards a life of non-violence, truthfulness, and self-restraint.