Lactarius

Lactarius vietus041031w

2011-07-25 Arcangeliella crassa Singer & A.H. Smith 159495 crop

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Lactarius quietus 2010 G1 crop

Lactarius alnicola 6958

2013-08-06 Lactarius indigo (Schwein.) Fr 359776

Lactarius pyrogallus

Lactarius is a large genus of mushrooms in the Russulaceae family, comprising over 500 species commonly known as milk-caps. Found globally, Lactarius species are especially prevalent in temperate and boreal forests. The name "Lactarius" is derived from the Latin word lac, meaning "milk", referring to the milky latex that is exuded when the mushroom tissue is broken. This latex is a characteristic feature of the genus, varying in color and taste depending on the species, and is used as a key identifying trait.

Description

Lactarius mushrooms typically have caps that are convex to depressed, often with a central depression in mature specimens. The cap margins can be curled inward in young mushrooms. They possess gills that are adnate to decurrent, and the presence of latex is notable when these gills are damaged. The stem is central and more or less equal in width, though it can be slightly bulbous at the base. The flesh of these mushrooms is firm, and the color of the cap, gills, and stem varies widely among species.

Ecology

Lactarius species are mycorrhizal, forming symbiotic relationships with trees by enveloping the tree roots with a sheath of fungal tissue. This relationship is mutually beneficial, as the fungus aids the tree in absorbing water and minerals, while the tree provides the fungus with carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis. These mushrooms are predominantly found in forested areas, associating with a variety of tree species, which influences their distribution and abundance.

Edibility

The edibility of Lactarius species varies widely, with some being edible and sought after, such as Lactarius deliciosus, while others are bitter, peppery, or toxic. The taste of the latex, ranging from mild to acrid, is a critical factor in determining edibility. Mushroom foragers need to be cautious and well-informed, as some toxic species closely resemble edible ones.

Species

Some notable species within the Lactarius genus include:

• Lactarius deliciosus – Saffron Milk Cap, valued for its edibility.
• Lactarius indigo – Indigo Milk Cap, known for its striking blue latex.
• Lactarius torminosus – Woolly Milk Cap, which has a peppery taste and is considered inedible.
• Lactarius turpis – Ugly Milk Cap, known for its bitter taste and considered toxic.

Conservation

The conservation status of Lactarius species varies. While many species are common and not of concern, others may be rare or have declining populations due to habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Efforts to monitor and conserve mycorrhizal fungi are crucial for maintaining forest ecosystem health and biodiversity.

Cultural Significance

In some cultures, certain Lactarius species are highly regarded and form part of traditional culinary practices. For example, Lactarius deliciosus is popular in European cuisines. The collection of these mushrooms is often a social activity, deeply embedded in local traditions and knowledge.