Lactotropic cell

Lactotropic cell (also known as lactotroph, mammotroph, or mammotropic cell) is a type of cell found in the anterior pituitary gland. These cells are responsible for the production and secretion of prolactin, a hormone that plays a crucial role in mammalian reproduction, particularly in the processes of lactation and mammary gland development.

Function

The primary function of lactotropic cells is the production and secretion of prolactin. This hormone is essential for the stimulation of milk production in mammals after childbirth. It also plays a role in the regulation of the immune system and the maintenance of the osmotic balance in the body.

Regulation

The activity of lactotropic cells is regulated by several factors. The primary regulator is the hypothalamus, which releases dopamine to inhibit prolactin secretion. Other factors that influence lactotropic cell activity include estrogen, which stimulates prolactin production, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which can either stimulate or inhibit prolactin secretion depending on the physiological context.

Clinical significance

Abnormalities in lactotropic cell function can lead to a variety of medical conditions. Overproduction of prolactin, known as hyperprolactinemia, can cause symptoms such as galactorrhea (abnormal milk production), amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods), and infertility. On the other hand, underproduction of prolactin can lead to difficulties in breastfeeding. Tumors of lactotropic cells, known as prolactinomas, are the most common type of pituitary adenoma and can cause symptoms related to excess prolactin as well as symptoms caused by pressure on surrounding tissues.

See also

• Pituitary gland
• Prolactin
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Prolactinoma