Lattice degeneration

Lattice degeneration is a condition of the eye characterized by thinning and weakening of the peripheral retina, the light-sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye. This condition is named for its appearance under ophthalmic examination, where the affected areas of the retina display a crisscrossing, lattice-like pattern of degeneration. Lattice degeneration can lead to complications such as retinal detachment and retinal tears, making it a significant concern in ophthalmology.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of lattice degeneration is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to local areas of retinal ischemia (lack of blood flow), which leads to the thinning and weakening of the retina. Several risk factors have been identified, including myopia (nearsightedness), family history of retinal detachment, and genetic predispositions. Lattice degeneration is more commonly observed in individuals with high degrees of myopia and in certain systemic conditions like Marfan syndrome and Stickler syndrome.

Symptoms

In many cases, lattice degeneration is asymptomatic and does not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, if the condition leads to a retinal tear or detachment, symptoms may include sudden appearance of floaters, flashes of light, or a shadow or curtain effect over a portion of the visual field. These symptoms require immediate medical attention as they signify potentially serious complications.

Diagnosis

Lattice degeneration is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including dilated fundus examination. During this examination, an ophthalmologist uses special lenses to examine the peripheral retina, looking for characteristic signs of lattice degeneration. Additional imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), may also be used to assess the extent of retinal thinning and to monitor the condition over time.

Treatment

Treatment for lattice degeneration is not always necessary, especially in asymptomatic cases. However, individuals with lattice degeneration should undergo regular eye examinations to monitor for complications. In cases where lattice degeneration leads to a retinal tear or detachment, treatment options may include laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy. These treatments aim to create adhesions around the degenerated areas to prevent fluid from passing through and causing a retinal detachment.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with lattice degeneration varies. While the condition itself does not cause vision loss, the associated risk of retinal tears and detachment can lead to significant visual impairment if not promptly treated. With regular monitoring and timely intervention for complications, most individuals with lattice degeneration can maintain good vision.

Prevention

There is no known prevention for lattice degeneration, but individuals at higher risk, especially those with a family history of retinal detachment or high myopia, should have regular eye examinations. Early detection and treatment of complications can prevent vision loss.