List of reference ranges for cerebrospinal fluid

List of Reference Ranges for Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. It plays a critical role in the protection of the central nervous system (CNS), the removal of waste products, and the circulation of nutrients. The analysis of CSF, including its reference ranges, is essential in diagnosing and monitoring various neurological and systemic diseases. This article provides a comprehensive list of reference ranges for cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

Composition and Collection

CSF is composed primarily of water, with small amounts of glucose, proteins, and ions. It is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles of the brain and circulates through the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space. CSF is typically collected via lumbar puncture, a procedure where a needle is inserted into the lumbar region to extract fluid for analysis.

Reference Ranges

The reference ranges for CSF analysis can vary based on the laboratory and the patient's age. However, some common parameters and their typical reference ranges include:

• Appearance: Clear and colorless
• Opening Pressure: 10-20 cm H₂O in adults, 5-15 cm H₂O in children
• Glucose: 2.5-4.4 mmol/L (45-80 mg/dL), which is approximately 2/3 of plasma glucose levels
• Protein: 15-45 mg/dL in adults, higher in neonates and infants
• White Blood Cells (WBC): 0-5 cells/µL, with a predominance of lymphocytes
• Red Blood Cells (RBC): 0 cells/µL (presence may indicate a traumatic tap or hemorrhage)
• Chloride: 115-130 mmol/L
• Lactate: 1.1-2.4 mmol/L

Clinical Significance

Abnormalities in the CSF reference ranges can indicate various conditions. For example:

• Elevated protein levels may suggest inflammation, infection, or bleeding.
• Decreased glucose levels can be a sign of bacterial meningitis, among other conditions.
• An increase in white blood cells can indicate infection or inflammation within the CNS.

Conclusion

The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and its reference ranges is a vital tool in the diagnosis and management of neurological conditions. Understanding these ranges helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions regarding patient care.