MGN

Minimal Change Disease (MCD), also known as Minimal Change Glomerulopathy or Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome (MGN), is a condition affecting the kidneys which leads to a significant loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria), particularly albumin. This condition is called "minimal change" because the kidneys appear almost normal when examined under a regular microscope, with changes only visible through an electron microscope.

MGN is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, but it can also affect adults. The exact cause of MGN is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an abnormality of the immune system. It is characterized by the effacement of foot processes of podocytes, which are cells in the glomerulus of the kidney that help filter waste and fluids.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of MGN is nephrotic syndrome, which includes:

• Heavy proteinuria
• Hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood)
• Edema (swelling), particularly in the ankles and feet
• Hyperlipidemia (high levels of fats in the blood)

Other symptoms may include weight gain, fatigue, and an increased susceptibility to infections.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of MGN typically involves a combination of blood tests, urine tests, and sometimes a kidney biopsy. The biopsy is crucial for confirming the diagnosis as it allows for examination of the kidney tissue under an electron microscope, revealing the minimal changes in the glomeruli.

Treatment

Treatment for MGN primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are commonly used to reduce proteinuria and improve kidney function. In cases where steroids are not effective, other immunosuppressive medications may be used. Additionally, managing blood pressure and reducing cholesterol levels are important in the treatment plan.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with MGN is generally good, especially for children. The majority of children with MGN respond well to corticosteroids and can achieve remission. However, relapses are common. Adults have a slightly less favorable response to treatment and may experience more frequent relapses.

Epidemiology

MGN is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, particularly between the ages of 2 and 8 years. It is less common in adults. The condition affects both males and females, though it is slightly more common in males.