Maternal hypothyroidism

Maternal hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by an insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland in pregnant women. The thyroid hormone is crucial for the development and growth of the fetus, as well as for maintaining the health of the mother. The condition can lead to various health issues for both the mother and the baby if left untreated.

Causes

Maternal hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Other causes may include insufficient dietary intake of iodine, surgical removal of the thyroid, or radiation therapy.

Symptoms

Symptoms of maternal hypothyroidism may be subtle and can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and changes in skin texture. Due to the overlap with common pregnancy symptoms, hypothyroidism can be difficult to diagnose without specific tests.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of maternal hypothyroidism is based on blood tests that measure levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4). Elevated TSH and low T4 levels indicate hypothyroidism. Pregnant women with known thyroid disorders should be closely monitored throughout their pregnancy.

Treatment

Treatment typically involves daily administration of synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine to maintain normal thyroid hormone levels. The dosage may need to be adjusted throughout the pregnancy based on regular TSH level monitoring.

Complications

Untreated maternal hypothyroidism can lead to several complications including premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia. It can also affect the neurological development of the fetus, leading to learning difficulties and developmental delays.

Prevention

Preventive measures include adequate dietary intake of iodine, especially in areas where iodine deficiency is common. Women with a history of thyroid disorders should consult their healthcare provider before planning a pregnancy.

See also

• Thyroid disease in pregnancy
• Hypothyroidism
• Postpartum thyroiditis