Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 4

Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4) is a protein that is encoded by the UCP4 gene in humans. It is a member of the larger family of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins which play a crucial role in energy metabolism and neuroprotection.

Function

UCP4 is an integral membrane protein found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it functions to dissipate the proton gradient across the membrane. This process, known as mitochondrial uncoupling, reduces the efficiency of ATP production but also decreases the production of reactive oxygen species, which can be harmful to cells.

UCP4 is predominantly expressed in the brain, particularly in the neurons of the substantia nigra, a region of the brain involved in the control of movement and affected in Parkinson's disease. The protein is thought to play a protective role in neurons by reducing oxidative stress and preventing cell death.

Clinical significance

Alterations in the expression or function of UCP4 have been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Studies have shown that levels of UCP4 are decreased in the brains of patients with these conditions, suggesting that the protein may have a neuroprotective effect.

In addition, UCP4 has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of body weight and energy expenditure, and alterations in its function may contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

See also

• Mitochondrial uncoupling
• Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
• Neuroprotection
• Parkinson's disease
• Alzheimer's disease