N-nitrosodimethylamine

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (also known as NDMA or dimethylnitrosamine) is a semi-volatile organic chemical that is highly toxic and potentially carcinogenic. It is a member of the class of compounds known as N-nitrosamines, which are derived from amines and nitrosating agents.

Chemical Structure and Properties

NDMA has the chemical formula C2H6N2O. It is a yellow, oily liquid at room temperature with a faint, characteristic odor. It is highly soluble in water and most organic solvents. It is stable under normal conditions but can decompose under high heat or in the presence of strong acids or bases.

Sources and Exposure

NDMA can be formed in the environment through the reaction of nitrite and secondary amines. It is found in a variety of sources, including tobacco smoke, cured meats, beer, fish, cheese, and even in some toiletries and cleaning products. It can also be formed during the chlorination of drinking water and wastewater. Occupational exposure can occur in industries where nitrosamines are produced or used, such as rubber and tire manufacturing, tanneries, and pesticide production.

Health Effects

Exposure to NDMA can have serious health effects. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and has been linked to a variety of cancers, including liver, lung, and gastric cancers. Acute exposure can cause liver damage, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Chronic exposure can lead to liver cirrhosis and fibrosis.

Regulation and Mitigation

Due to its carcinogenic potential, NDMA is regulated in many countries. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for NDMA in drinking water at 0.00069 mg/L. Various methods are used to remove or reduce NDMA from water, including activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation processes.

See Also

• Nitrosamines
• Carcinogen
• Environmental toxicology