Environmental health
Human welfare and its influence by the environment, including technical and administrative measures for improving the human environment from a health point of view.
Glossary of terms[edit | edit source]
The process of taking in. For a person or an animal, absorption is the process of a substance getting into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs.
Occurring over a short time
Contact with a substance that occurs once or for only a short time (up to 14 days).
A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that equals the sum of responses of all the individual substances added together
A change in body function or cell structure that might lead to disease or health problems
Requiring oxygen
Surrounding (for example, ambient air).
Requiring the absence of oxygen.
A substance measured in the laboratory. A chemical for which a sample (such as water, air, or blood) is tested in a laboratory. For example, if the analyte is mercury, the laboratory test will determine the amount of mercury in the sample.
A study that evaluates the association between exposure to hazardous substances and disease by testing scientific hypotheses.
A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that is * less than would be expected if the known effects of the individual substances were added together
An average or expected amount of a substance or radioactive material in a specific environment, or typical amounts of substances that occur naturally in an environment.
Decomposition or breakdown of a substance through the action of microorganisms (such as bacteria or fungi) or other natural physical processes (such as sunlight).
A study that uses (a) biomedical testing or (b) the measurement of a substance (an analyte), its metabolite, or another marker of exposure in human body fluids or tissues to confirm human exposure to a hazardous substance.
Measuring hazardous substances in biologic materials (such as blood, hair, urine, or breath) to determine whether exposure has occurred. A blood test for lead is an example of biologic monitoring.
The transfer of substances from the environment to plants, animals, and humans.
Testing of persons to find out whether a change in a body function might have occurred because of exposure to a hazardous substance.
Plants and animals in an environment. Some of these plants and animals might be sources of food, clothing, or medicines for people.
The total amount of a substance in the body. Some substances build up in the body because they are stored in fat or bone or because they leave the body very slowly.
Any one of a group of diseases that occur when cells in the body become abnormal and grow or multiply out of control.
A theoretical risk for getting cancer if exposed to a substance every day for 70 years (a lifetime exposure). The true risk might be lower.
A substance that causes cancer.
A medical or epidemiologic evaluation of one person or a small group of people to gather information about specific health conditions and past exposures.
A study that compares exposures of people who have a disease or condition (cases) with people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Exposures that are more common among the cases may be considered as possible risk factors for the disease.
A unique number assigned to a substance or mixture by the American Chemical Society Abstracts Service
The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
- CERCLA (see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980)
Occurring over a long time.
Contact with a substance that occurs over a long time (more than 1 year)
A review of an unusual number, real or perceived, of health events (for example, reports of cancer) grouped together in time and location. Cluster investigations are designed to confirm case reports; determine whether they represent an unusual disease occurrence; and, if possible, explore possible causes and contributing environmental factors.
A group of people from a community and from health and environmental agencies who work with ATSDR to resolve issues and problems related to hazardous substances in the community. CAP members work with ATSDR to gather and review community health concerns, provide information on how people might have been or might now be exposed to hazardous substances, and inform ATSDR on ways to involve the community in its activities.
Calculated concentration of a substance in air, water, food, or soil that is unlikely to cause harmful (adverse) health effects in exposed people. The CV is used as a screening level during the public health assessment process. Substances found in amounts greater than their CVs might be selected for further evaluation in the public health assessment process.
CERCLA, also known as Superfund, is the federal law that concerns the removal or cleanup of hazardous substances in the environment and at hazardous waste sites. ATSDR, which was created by CERCLA, is responsible for assessing health issues and supporting public health activities related to hazardous waste sites or other environmental releases of hazardous substances. This law was later amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA).
The amount of a substance present in a certain amount of soil, water, air, food, blood, hair, urine, breath, or any other media.
A substance that is either present in an environment where it does not belong or is present at levels that might cause harmful (adverse) health effects.
A disease or an injury that happens as a result of exposures that might have occurred in the past.
Referring to the skin. For example, dermal absorption means passing through the skin.
Contact with (touching) the skin (see route of exposure).
The study of the amount and distribution of a disease in a specified population by person, place, and time.
The lowest concentration of a chemical that can reliably be distinguished from a zero concentration.
Measures used to prevent a disease or reduce its severity.
A system of ongoing registration of all cases of a particular disease or health condition in a defined population.
United States Department of Defense.
United States Department of Energy.
The amount of a substance to which a person is exposed over some time period. Dose is a measurement of exposure. Dose is often expressed as milligram (amount) per kilogram (a measure of body weight) per day (a measure of time) when people eat or drink contaminated water, food, or soil. In general, the greater the dose, the greater the likelihood of an effect. An “exposure dose” is how much of a substance is encountered in the environment. An “absorbed dose” is the amount of a substance that actually got into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs.
The radiation dose is the amount of energy from radiation that is actually absorbed by the body. This is not the same as measurements of the amount of radiation in the environment.
The relationship between the amount of exposure (dose) to a substance and the resulting changes in body function or health (response).
Soil, water, air, biota (plants and animals), or any other parts of the environment that can contain contaminants.
Environmental media include water, air, soil, and biota (plants and animals). Transport mechanisms move contaminants from the source to points where human exposure can occur. The environmental media and transport mechanism is the second part of an exposure pathway.
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
- Epidemiologic surveillance (see Public health surveillance).
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease or health status in a population; the study of the occurrence and causes of health effects in humans.
Contact with a substance by swallowing, breathing, or touching the skin or eyes. Exposure may be short-term (acute exposure), of intermediate duration, or long-term (chronic exposure).
The process of finding out how people come into contact with a hazardous substance, how often and for how long they are in contact with the substance, and how much of the substance they are in contact with.
A method of estimating the amount of people’s past exposure to hazardous substances. Computer and approximation methods are used when past information is limited, not available, or missing.
The collection and analysis of site-specific information and biologic tests (when appropriate) to determine whether people have been exposed to hazardous substances.
The route a substance takes from its source (where it began) to its end point (where it ends), and how people can come into contact with (or get exposed to) it. An exposure pathway has five parts: a source of contamination (such as an abandoned business); an environmental media and transport mechanism (such as movement through groundwater); a point of exposure (such as a private well); a route of exposure (eating, drinking, breathing, or touching), and a receptor population (people potentially or actually exposed). When all five parts are present, the exposure pathway is termed a completed exposure pathway.
A system of ongoing follow up of people who have had documented environmental exposures.
A study by EPA to determine the best way to clean up environmental contamination. A number of factors are considered, including health risk, costs, and what methods will work well.
A mapping system that uses computers to collect, store, manipulate, analyze, and display data. For example, GIS can show the concentration of a contaminant within a community in relation to points of reference such as streets and homes.
Training sessions for physicians and other health care providers about health topics.
Water beneath the earth’s surface in the spaces between soil particles and between rock surfaces (compare with surface water).
The time it takes for half the original amount of a substance to disappear. In the environment, the half-life is the time it takes for half the original amount of a substance to disappear when it is changed to another chemical by bacteria, fungi, sunlight, or other chemical processes. In the human body, the half-life is the time it takes for half the original amount of the substance to disappear, either by being changed to another substance or by leaving the body. In the case of radioactive material, the half life is the amount of time necessary for one half the initial number of radioactive atoms to change or transform into another atom (that is normally not radioactive). After two half lives, 25% of the original number of radioactive atoms remain.
A source of potential harm from past, current, or future exposures.
The scientific and administrative database system developed by ATSDR to manage data collection, retrieval, and analysis of site-specific information on hazardous substances, community health concerns, and public health activities.
Potentially harmful substances that have been released or discarded into the environment.
A review of available information or collection of new data to respond to a specific health question or request for information about a potential environmental hazard. Health consultations are focused on a specific exposure issue. Health consultations are therefore more limited than a public health assessment, which reviews the exposure potential of each pathway and chemical (compare with public health assessment).
Programs designed with a community to help it know about health risks and how to reduce these risks.
The collection and evaluation of information about the health of community residents. This information is used to describe or count the occurrence of a disease, symptom, or clinical measure and to evaluate the possible association between the occurrence and exposure to hazardous substances.
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.
The analysis of existing health information (i.e., from death certificates, birth defects registries, and cancer registries) to determine if there is excess disease in a specific population, geographic area, and time period. A health statistics review is a descriptive epidemiologic study.
The category used in ATSDR’s public health assessment documents when a professional judgment about the level of health hazard cannot be made because information critical to such a decision is lacking.
The number of new cases of disease in a defined population over a specific time period (contrast with prevalence).
The act of swallowing something through eating, drinking, or mouthing objects. A hazardous substance can enter the body this way (see route of exposure).
The act of breathing. A hazardous substance can enter the body this way (see route of exposure).
Contact with a substance that occurs for more than 14 days and less than a year (compare with acute exposure and chronic exposure).
In an artificial environment outside a living organism or body. For example, some toxicity testing is done on cell cultures or slices of tissue grown in the laboratory, rather than on a living animal (compare with in vivo).
Within a living organism or body. For example, some toxicity testing is done on whole animals, such as rats or mice (compare with in vitro).
The lowest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to cause harmful (adverse) health effects in people or animals.
A set of medical tests and physical exams specifically designed to evaluate whether an individual’s exposure could negatively affect that person’s health.
The conversion or breakdown of a substance from one form to another by a living organism.
Any product of metabolism.
Milligram per kilogram.
Milligram per square centimeter (of a surface).
Milligram per cubic meter; a measure of the concentration of a chemical in a known volume (a cubic meter) of air, soil, or water.
Moving from one location to another.
An ATSDR estimate of daily human exposure to a hazardous substance at or below which that substance is unlikely to pose a measurable risk of harmful (adverse), noncancerous effects. MRLs are calculated for a route of exposure (inhalation or oral) over a specified time period (acute, intermediate, or chronic). MRLs should not be used as predictors of harmful (adverse) health effects (see reference dose).
State of being ill or diseased. Morbidity is the occurrence of a disease or condition that alters health and quality of life.
Death. Usually the cause (a specific disease, a condition, or an injury) is stated.
A substance that causes mutations (genetic damage).
A change (damage) to the DNA, genes, or chromosomes of living organisms.
EPA’s list of the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites in the United States. The NPL is updated on a regular basis.
Part of the Department of Health and Human Services. NTP develops and carries out tests to predict whether a chemical will cause harm to humans.
A category used in ATSDR’s public health assessments for sites where human exposure to contaminated media might be occurring, might have occurred in the past, or might occur in the future, but where the exposure is not expected to cause any harmful health effects.
The highest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to have no harmful (adverse) health effects on people or animals.
A category used in ATSDR’s public health assessment documents for sites where people have never and will never come into contact with harmful amounts of site-related substances.
- NPL (see National Priorities List for Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites)
A computer model that describes what happens to a chemical in the body. This model describes how the chemical gets into the body, where it goes in the body, how it is changed by the body, and how it leaves the body.
A craving to eat nonfood items, such as dirt, paint chips, and clay. Some children exhibit pica-related behavior.
A volume of a substance that moves from its source to places farther away from the source. Plumes can be described by the volume of air or water they occupy and the direction they move. For example, a plume can be a column of smoke from a chimney or a substance moving with groundwater.
The place where someone can come into contact with a substance present in the environment (see exposure pathway).
A group or number of people living within a specified area or sharing similar characteristics (such as occupation or age).
A company, government, or person legally responsible for cleaning up the pollution at a hazardous waste site under Superfund. There may be more than one PRP for a particular site.
Parts per billion.
Parts per million.
The number of existing disease cases in a defined population during a specific time period (contrast with incidence).
The measure of the current level of disease(s) or symptoms and exposures through a questionnaire that collects self-reported information from a defined population.
Actions that reduce exposure or other risks, keep people from getting sick, or keep disease from getting worse.
An informal, drop-by meeting at which community members can meet one-on-one with ATSDR staff members to discuss health and site-related concerns.
An opportunity for the public to comment on agency findings or proposed activities contained in draft reports or documents. The public comment period is a limited time period during which comments will be accepted.
A list of steps to protect public health.
A statement made by ATSDR to EPA or a state regulatory agency that a release of hazardous substances poses an immediate threat to human health. The advisory includes recommended measures to reduce exposure and reduce the threat to human health.
An ATSDR document that examines hazardous substances, health outcomes, and community concerns at a hazardous waste site to determine whether people could be harmed from coming into contact with those substances. The PHA also lists actions that need to be taken to protect public health (compare with health consultation).
A category used in ATSDR’s public health assessments for sites that pose a public health hazard because of long-term exposures (greater than 1 year) to sufficiently high levels of hazardous substances or radionuclides that could result in harmful health effects.
Public health hazard categories are statements about whether people could be harmed by conditions present at the site in the past, present, or future. One or more hazard categories might be appropriate for each site. The five public health hazard categories are no public health hazard, no apparent public health hazard, indeterminate public health hazard, public health hazard, and urgent public health hazard.
- Public health statement The first chapter of an ATSDR toxicological profile. The public health statement is a summary written in words that are easy to understand. The public health statement explains how people might be exposed to a specific substance and describes the known health effects of that substance.
The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data. This activity also involves timely dissemination of the data and use for public health programs.
A public forum with community members for communication about a site.
An unstable or radioactive isotope (form) of an element that can change into another element by giving off radiation.
Any radioactive isotope (form) of any element.
People who could come into contact with hazardous substances.
An EPA estimate, with uncertainty or safety factors built in, of the daily lifetime dose of a substance that is unlikely to cause harm in humans.
A systematic collection of information on persons exposed to a specific substance or having specific diseases
The CERCLA process of determining the type and extent of hazardous material contamination at a site.
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984) (RCRA) This Act regulates management and disposal of hazardous wastes currently generated, treated, stored, disposed of, or distributed.
RCRA Facility Assessment. An assessment required by RCRA to identify potential and actual releases of hazardous chemicals.
The probability that something will cause injury or harm.
Actions that can decrease the likelihood that individuals, groups, or communities will experience disease or other health conditions.
The exchange of information to increase understanding of health risks.
The way people come into contact with a hazardous substance. Three routes of exposure are breathing (inhalation), eating or drinking (ingestion), or contact with the skin (dermal contact).
- Safety factor (see uncertainty factor)
- SARA (see Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act)
A portion or piece of a whole. A selected subset of a population or subset of whatever is being studied. For example, in a study of people the sample is a number of people chosen from a larger population (see population). An environmental sample (for example, a small amount of soil or water) might be collected to measure contamination in the environment at a specific location.
The number of units chosen from a population or an environment.
A liquid capable of dissolving or dispersing another substance (for example, acetone or mineral spirits).
The place where a hazardous substance comes from, such as a landfill, waste pond, incinerator, storage tank, or drum. A source of contamination is the first part of an exposure pathway.
People who might be more sensitive or susceptible to exposure to hazardous substances because of factors such as age, occupation, sex, or behaviors (for example, cigarette smoking). Children, pregnant women, and older people are often considered special populations.
A person, group, or community who has an interest in activities at a hazardous waste site.
A branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, reviewing, summarizing, and interpreting data or information. Statistics are used to determine whether differences between study groups are meaningful.
A chemical.
A program of research designed to fill important data needs for specific hazardous substances identified in ATSDR’s toxicological profiles. Filling these data needs would allow more accurate assessment of human risks from specific substances contaminating the environment. This research might include human studies or laboratory experiments to determine health effects resulting from exposure to a given hazardous substance.
- Superfund (see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
In 1986, SARA amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and expanded the health-related responsibilities of ATSDR. CERCLA and SARA direct ATSDR to look into the health effects from substance exposures at hazardous waste sites and to perform activities including health education, health studies, surveillance, health consultations, and toxicological profiles.
Water on the surface of the earth, such as in lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, and springs (compare with groundwater).
- Surveillance (see public health surveillance)
A systematic collection of information or data. A survey can be conducted to collect information from a group of people or from the environment. Surveys of a group of people can be conducted by telephone, by mail, or in person. Some surveys are done by interviewing a group of people (see prevalence survey).
A biologic response to multiple substances where one substance worsens the effect of another substance. The combined effect of the substances acting together is greater than the sum of the effects of the substances acting by themselves (see additive effect and antagonistic effect).
A substance that causes defects in development between conception and birth. A teratogen is a substance that causes a structural or functional birth defect.
Chemical or physical (for example, radiation, heat, cold, microwaves) agents that, under certain circumstances of exposure, can cause harmful effects to living organisms.
An ATSDR document that examines, summarizes, and interprets information about a hazardous substance to determine harmful levels of exposure and associated health effects. A toxicological profile also identifies significant gaps in knowledge on the substance and describes areas where further research is needed.
The study of the harmful effects of substances on humans or animals.
An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division that is uncontrolled and progressive. Tumors perform no useful body function. Tumors can be either benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Mathematical adjustments for reasons of safety when knowledge is incomplete. For example, factors used in the calculation of doses that are not harmful (adverse) to people. These factors are applied to the lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) or the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) to derive a minimal risk level (MRL). Uncertainty factors are used to account for variations in people’s sensitivity, for differences between animals and humans, and for differences between a LOAEL and a NOAEL. Scientists use uncertainty factors when they have some, but not all, the information from animal or human studies to decide whether an exposure will cause harm to people (also sometimes called a safety factor).
A category used in ATSDR’s public health assessments for sites where short-term exposures (less than 1 year) to hazardous substances or conditions could result in harmful health effects that require rapid intervention.
Organic compounds that evaporate readily into the air. VOCs include substances such as benzene, toluene, methylene chloride, and methyl chloroform.
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