NH3
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia, with the chemical formula NH3, is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen. It is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia is a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is also a key component in the nitrogen cycle and is essential for many biological processes.
Properties[edit | edit source]
Ammonia is a simple nitrogen hydride and is the simplest pnictogen hydride. It is a stable binary hydride and the conjugate base of the ammonium ion. Ammonia is a polar molecule and is highly soluble in water. It has a boiling point of -33.34 °C and a melting point of -77.73 °C.
Production[edit | edit source]
Ammonia is produced industrially by the Haber-Bosch process, which involves the direct combination of nitrogen from the air with hydrogen, usually derived from natural gas (methane), under high pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst.
Uses[edit | edit source]
Ammonia is used in a variety of applications:
- Fertilizers: Ammonia is a key ingredient in the production of fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate and urea, which are essential for modern agriculture.
- Refrigeration: Due to its high energy efficiency, ammonia is used as a refrigerant in industrial refrigeration systems.
- Cleaning Products: Ammonia solutions are used as household and industrial cleaners due to their ability to dissolve grease and grime.
- Pharmaceuticals: Ammonia is used in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals.
Biological Role[edit | edit source]
Ammonia plays a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle, which is essential for life on Earth. It is produced by the decomposition of organic matter and is used by plants as a source of nitrogen. In the human body, ammonia is a byproduct of protein metabolism and is converted to urea in the liver for excretion.
Safety and Environmental Impact[edit | edit source]
Ammonia is classified as a hazardous substance. It can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. In high concentrations, it can be toxic and pose a risk to human health. Environmentally, ammonia can contribute to eutrophication in water bodies, leading to algal blooms and oxygen depletion.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
