Ocular herpes

Ocular Herpes

Ocular herpes, also known as Herpes Simplex Keratitis, is an eye infection caused by the Herpes simplex virus (HSV). This condition can affect various parts of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and retina, leading to a range of symptoms from mild discomfort to severe vision impairment. Ocular herpes is a significant cause of corneal blindness in the developed world, making its diagnosis and treatment critical in ophthalmic practice.

Symptoms

The symptoms of ocular herpes can vary depending on the specific parts of the eye affected. Common signs include:

• Eye redness
• Pain in the eye
• Blurred vision
• Tearing
• Sensitivity to light (Photophobia)
• The feeling of something being in the eye (Foreign body sensation)

Causes

Ocular herpes is primarily caused by the Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), although type 2 (HSV-2), typically associated with genital herpes, can also lead to the condition. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or lesions. After the initial infection, HSV can enter a latent state in the body, with the potential to reactivate and cause recurrent episodes of ocular herpes.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ocular herpes involves a comprehensive eye examination. Healthcare providers may use techniques such as:

• Slit lamp examination to inspect the cornea and other eye structures
• Fluorescein staining of the cornea to highlight any damage or ulcers
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of tear or corneal scrapings to detect viral DNA

Treatment

Treatment for ocular herpes focuses on antiviral medications to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. Options include:

• Antiviral eye drops
• Oral antiviral medications
• In severe cases, intravenous antiviral drugs

Preventive measures, such as avoiding direct contact with infected individuals during active outbreaks, are crucial. For patients with recurrent episodes, long-term antiviral therapy may be recommended to reduce the frequency of recurrences.

Complications

If not properly treated, ocular herpes can lead to serious complications, including:

• Corneal scarring
• Glaucoma
• Secondary bacterial infection
• Vision loss

Prevention

Preventive strategies for ocular herpes involve minimizing exposure to the virus and managing known triggers for reactivation, such as stress, illness, or sun exposure. Individuals diagnosed with HSV should follow their healthcare provider's recommendations to reduce the risk of transmission and recurrence.