Parathion poisoning

Parathion Poisoning is a serious and potentially fatal condition resulting from exposure to Parathion, a highly toxic organophosphate compound. Parathion is primarily used as an insecticide in agriculture, but due to its high toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms, its use has been restricted or banned in many countries. This article provides an overview of parathion poisoning, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Causes

Parathion poisoning occurs through exposure to parathion, which can happen in several ways:

• Inhalation: Breathing in air contaminated with parathion vapors.
• Ingestion: Consuming food or water contaminated with parathion.
• Dermal exposure: Parathion coming into contact with the skin, especially if the skin is cut or abraded.

Occupational exposure is common among agricultural workers who may come into contact with parathion during its application as an insecticide.

Symptoms

Symptoms of parathion poisoning can vary depending on the level and route of exposure but generally include:

• Muscarinic effects: Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal distress, and emesis (SLUDGE syndrome).
• Nicotinic effects: Muscle twitching, weakness, paralysis, and hypertension.
• Central nervous system effects: Headache, dizziness, confusion, ataxia, seizures, and coma.

Immediate medical attention is crucial as symptoms can progress rapidly to respiratory failure and death.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of parathion poisoning is primarily based on the clinical presentation and history of exposure. Laboratory tests can confirm the presence of parathion or its metabolites in blood and urine. Cholinesterase activity tests in blood can also support the diagnosis, as parathion inhibits cholinesterase, leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine.

Treatment

Treatment of parathion poisoning focuses on immediate decontamination and supportive care:

• Decontamination: Removing contaminated clothing and washing the skin thoroughly with soap and water. If ingested, activated charcoal may be administered to reduce absorption.
• Supportive care: Maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation. Oxygen and mechanical ventilation may be required for respiratory distress.
• Antidotes: Atropine is used to counteract muscarinic effects, and pralidoxime (2-PAM) may be administered to reactivate cholinesterase.

Prevention

Prevention of parathion poisoning involves proper handling and application of the chemical, using personal protective equipment (PPE), and adhering to safety guidelines and regulations. Education and training for workers handling organophosphates are essential to prevent exposure.

Conclusion

Parathion poisoning is a critical condition that requires immediate medical intervention. Awareness and adherence to safety measures can significantly reduce the risk of poisoning. Due to its high toxicity, the use of parathion as an insecticide is highly regulated or banned in many regions.