Paraxanthine

Paraxanthine, or 1,7-dimethylxanthine, is a dimethyl derivative of xanthine and is structurally related to caffeine. It is found in the human body as a metabolite of caffeine and is the primary metabolite responsible for caffeine's diuretic effects.

Metabolism

Paraxanthine is produced in the body by the demethylation of caffeine by the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2. This metabolic pathway is known as the caffeine metabolic pathway. The rate of conversion of caffeine to paraxanthine varies between individuals and is influenced by factors such as age, liver function, and the presence of certain medications.

Pharmacology

Paraxanthine is a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist and phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It stimulates the release of epinephrine and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles. It also increases the release of dopamine in the brain's pleasure centers.

Effects

The effects of paraxanthine are similar to those of caffeine, but it is less potent and has a longer half-life. It can cause insomnia, nervousness, and restlessness. It can also cause stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting.

See also

• Caffeine
• Xanthine
• Cytochrome P450 1A2

References

Paraxanthine Resources
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