Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger crucial in many biological processes. It is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.

Structure and Synthesis

cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and consists of a ribose (from ATP), an adenine base, and one phosphate group. This molecule is synthesized from ATP by an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase located at the cell membrane. Adenylyl cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylyl cyclase stimulatory G (Gs)-protein-coupled receptors.

Function

cAMP is used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. It is involved in the activation of protein kinases and regulates the effects of adrenaline and glucagon. cAMP also binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels in the heart. It also regulates the gating of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and thus may be important in cystic fibrosis.

Role in Human Health

cAMP plays a crucial role in human health and disease. It is a target of various pharmacological agents that can either increase or decrease its production. For example, caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase enzymes, leading to an increase in cAMP levels. On the other hand, certain types of cancer have been linked with the overproduction of cAMP due to mutations in the Gs protein that continuously activate adenylyl cyclase.

See Also

• Adenosine triphosphate
• Adenylyl cyclase
• Second messenger system
• Protein kinase
• Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator