Parkinsonism

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Parkinsonism
File:Person with Parkinson disease.jpg
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability
Complications	Dementia, depression, dysphagia
Onset	Typically after age 60
Duration	Long-term
Types	Parkinson's disease, Multiple system atrophy, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Corticobasal degeneration
Causes	Neurodegeneration, medication
Risks	Age, genetics, environmental factors
Diagnosis	Clinical diagnosis, imaging
Differential diagnosis	Essential tremor, dystonia, normal pressure hydrocephalus
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Levodopa, dopamine agonists, deep brain stimulation
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depends on type
Frequency	Common in older adults
Deaths	N/A

Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. It is named after the English doctor James Parkinson, who first described the condition in 1817.

Signs and Symptoms

Parkinsonism is characterized by a combination of four cardinal symptoms:

• Tremor: This is often the first symptom that people with parkinsonism notice. It usually begins in one hand but may spread to the other side of the body.
• Bradykinesia: This is a slowness of movement and a reduction in spontaneous activity.
• Rigidity: This is an increased tone or stiffness in the muscles.
• Postural instability: This is a loss of balance and coordination, which can lead to falls.

Causes

Parkinsonism can be caused by various conditions and factors, including:

• Parkinson's disease: This is the most common cause of parkinsonism. It is a degenerative disorder of the nervous system that affects movement.
• Drug-induced parkinsonism: Certain medications, such as those used to treat schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, can cause parkinsonism.
• Vascular parkinsonism: This is caused by multiple small strokes.
• Progressive supranuclear palsy: This is a rare brain disorder that causes problems with balance, movement, and eye movements.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of parkinsonism is based on the patient's medical history, a physical examination, and the presence of the four cardinal symptoms. Additional tests may be needed to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment for parkinsonism depends on the underlying cause. In cases of Parkinson's disease, medications such as levodopa and dopamine agonists are commonly used. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can also be beneficial.

See Also

• Parkinson's disease
• Drug-induced parkinsonism
• Vascular parkinsonism
• Progressive supranuclear palsy