Parshvanatha

View of Ghats across the Ganges, Varanasi

Jain Universal History Diorama in Jain Museum Madhuban 18

Pārśvanātha-Kalugumalai

Thirakoil-Parsava nathar

Parsva and Dharnendra

23rd Tirthankara Parshva Parsvanath Parshvanatha Jainism India

Parshvanatha, also known as Parshva or Parasnath, was the 23rd Tirthankara in Jainism, a major religion of ancient India known for its principles of non-violence, truth, and asceticism. Parshvanatha is believed to have been born in the 8th century BCE in Varanasi, one of the oldest cities in the world, located in the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh, India. He is often depicted in art and religious iconography with a snake crown, symbolizing his association with snakes and his teaching of non-violence towards all living beings.

Life

According to Jain texts, Parshvanatha was born to King Ashvasena and Queen Vama of Varanasi. He is said to have renounced the world at a young age to become an ascetic. After undertaking severe penances and meditation, he attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience) under a Dhaataki tree. As a Tirthankara, he revitalized the Jain community, emphasizing the five major vows: non-violence (Ahimsa), truth (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), celibacy (Brahmacharya), and non-possession (Aparigraha).

Teachings

Parshvanatha's teachings focused on the immediate ethical and spiritual needs of the individual. He is credited with formalizing the concept of non-violence in Jainism and laying down the fourfold restraint for the monks: not to kill, steal, lie, or own property. His message attracted a large following during his lifetime, and his teachings continue to influence Jainism and other philosophical traditions.

Iconography

In Jain iconography, Parshvanatha is usually depicted with a serpent canopy over his head. This iconography is symbolic of his protection by the serpent king, Dharanendra, during a great storm. His emblem is the snake, and his color is often depicted as blue or green in paintings and sculptures.

Legacy

Parshvanatha's legacy is significant in Jainism. He is revered for his teachings on non-violence and compassion towards all living beings. Many temples and pilgrimage sites are dedicated to him, with the most famous being the Shikharji temple complex in Jharkhand, India, considered the most sacred Jain pilgrimage site. Parshvanatha's influence extends beyond Jainism, contributing to the broader Indian ethos of religious tolerance and non-violence.

See Also

• Tirthankara
• Jainism
• Ahimsa in Jainism
• Shikharji