Enoxacin

Enoxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It is particularly effective against Gram-negative bacteria, and is commonly prescribed for the treatment of urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, and certain types of prostatitis. Enoxacin works by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes critical for DNA replication and cell division, leading to the death of the bacterial cells.

Mechanism of Action

Enoxacin acts by binding to the A subunit of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes necessary for supercoiling and uncoiling of bacterial DNA. This binding inhibits the normal functioning of these enzymes, preventing DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. As a result, enoxacin effectively halts the growth and proliferation of susceptible bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration, enoxacin is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It has a bioavailability of approximately 90%, making it highly effective when taken by mouth. Enoxacin is widely distributed throughout the body, including to the kidneys, lungs, and genital tissues, which makes it suitable for treating infections in these areas. It is metabolized in the liver and primarily excreted in the urine, with a half-life of about 4 to 6 hours.

Indications

Enoxacin is indicated for the treatment of various bacterial infections, including:

• Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Gonorrhea
• Prostatitis caused by susceptible strains of bacteria

It may also be used off-label for other types of infections as determined by a healthcare provider.

Side Effects

Like all medications, enoxacin can cause side effects. Common side effects include:

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Photosensitivity

More serious side effects can occur but are less common. These include tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and central nervous system effects such as seizures. Patients should be advised to seek medical attention if they experience any severe or persistent side effects.

Contraindications

Enoxacin is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to enoxacin or other fluoroquinolones. It should be used with caution in individuals with a history of tendon disorders or those taking corticosteroids, as this may increase the risk of tendon rupture.

Drug Interactions

Enoxacin can interact with several other medications, potentially altering their effects. These include:

• Antacids, supplements, and other products containing magnesium, aluminum, calcium, or iron, which can reduce the absorption of enoxacin
• Caffeine, as enoxacin can increase the half-life of caffeine, leading to caffeine-related side effects
• Warfarin and other anticoagulants, as enoxacin can enhance their effects, increasing the risk of bleeding

Patients should inform their healthcare provider of all medications and supplements they are taking before starting treatment with enoxacin.

Conclusion

Enoxacin is a valuable antibiotic in the treatment of various bacterial infections, especially those caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Its mechanism of action, targeting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, makes it effective in inhibiting bacterial growth and proliferation. While generally safe and well-tolerated, patients should be aware of potential side effects and drug interactions. As with all antibiotics, it is important to complete the full course of treatment to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.