Rhesus macaque

Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta mulatta), male, Gokarna

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Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), one of the best-known species of Old World monkeys, is of significant interest in various fields of science due to its close genetic and physiological similarities to humans. Native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia, the Rhesus macaque has adapted to a wide range of habitats, from grasslands to arid and forested areas, and is also commonly found in urban areas, showcasing its versatile adaptability.

Description

The Rhesus macaque has a distinctive appearance with a brown or grey coat and a pink face, which is devoid of fur. Adults typically weigh between 5 to 15 kilograms, with males generally being larger than females. This species is known for its expressive face, used in its complex social interactions and communication. The Rhesus macaque's tail is of medium length and often held coiled.

Behavior

Rhesus macaques live in highly structured social groups, often referred to as troops, which can consist of up to 200 individuals. These troops are matriarchal, with females generally remaining in the same troop for life, while males may migrate between troops. Social hierarchy is strictly maintained, influencing access to food, mating opportunities, and grooming relationships.

Diet

The diet of the Rhesus macaque is omnivorous, consisting of fruits, seeds, roots, and occasionally small animals and insects. Their flexible diet has been a key factor in their ability to adapt to diverse environments, including human-impacted areas, where they sometimes become reliant on human food sources.

Reproduction

Females reach sexual maturity at about 3 years of age, while males mature at around 4 years. The breeding season is typically in the fall, with births occurring in spring after a gestation period of about 5.5 months. Females usually give birth to a single offspring.

Scientific Importance

The Rhesus macaque holds significant importance in scientific research, particularly in the fields of medicine, psychology, and neuroscience. It was instrumental in the development of the Rh factor blood group system, which is critical for understanding human blood transfusions. The species is also a key model organism in medical research, contributing to studies on HIV/AIDS, vaccines, and neurological disorders.

Conservation Status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently lists the Rhesus macaque as Least Concern, due to its wide distribution and large population. However, in some areas, populations have declined due to habitat destruction and hunting. The adaptability of the Rhesus macaque allows it to live in close proximity to humans, leading to conflicts and management challenges.

Cultural Significance

In many parts of its range, the Rhesus macaque holds significant cultural and religious importance. In Hinduism, it is associated with the deity Hanuman, and is often seen around temples where they are fed by devotees.