Robert S. Mulliken

Hund,Friedrich 1929 Chicago

Robert S. Mulliken (June 7, 1896 – October 31, 1986) was an American physicist and chemist, renowned for his work in molecular orbital theory. His groundbreaking research laid the foundation for understanding the electronic structure of molecules. Mulliken's contributions to chemistry and quantum mechanics were recognized with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1966, for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.

Early Life and Education

Robert Sanderson Mulliken was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1896. He pursued his undergraduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he initially focused on chemistry but later shifted his interest to physics. Mulliken completed his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at the University of Chicago in 1921, where his thesis explored isotope separation.

Career and Research

After completing his doctorate, Mulliken embarked on a series of academic positions and research collaborations that would define his career. He spent significant time in Europe, working with notable scientists such as Friedrich Hund on the early theories of quantum physics and molecular structure. Mulliken's most significant contribution was the development of the molecular orbital theory, which provided a coherent and quantum-mechanically sound way of describing the arrangement and behavior of electrons in molecules. This theory was instrumental in explaining the nature of chemical bonds, molecular spectroscopy, and the electronic properties of molecules.

Mulliken's work extended beyond theoretical contributions; he was also involved in the practical application of spectroscopy as a tool for understanding molecular structure. His research in this area led to the establishment of a systematic nomenclature for diatomic molecules and the development of concepts such as electron affinity, ionization potential, and bond order.

Awards and Honors

In recognition of his contributions to science, Mulliken received numerous awards and honors throughout his career. The pinnacle of these was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1966. He was also a member of various prestigious organizations, including the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Mulliken's influence extended beyond his research; he was a mentor to many students who would go on to make significant contributions to chemistry and physics.

Legacy

Robert S. Mulliken's work fundamentally changed the way scientists understand the electronic structure of molecules and the nature of chemical bonds. His molecular orbital theory remains a cornerstone of modern chemistry and physics, influencing fields ranging from material science to biochemistry. Mulliken's legacy is not only in his scientific discoveries but also in his approach to interdisciplinary research, bridging the gap between physics and chemistry.

Selected Publications

Mulliken published extensively throughout his career. Some of his most influential works include papers on molecular orbital theory, the electronic structure of molecules, and the application of spectroscopy in chemistry.

See Also

• Molecular orbital theory
• Quantum chemistry
• Spectroscopy
• Chemical bond