Second Industrial Revolution

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Symonds and Co Collection Q22343

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Barrow Steelworks

The rail rolling mill, Hughesovka

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Light bulb Edison 2

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the early to mid-1800s, was punctuated by the introduction of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of textile goods. Conversely, the Second Industrial Revolution is characterized by advancements in chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries, the expansion of railroads and telegraphs, and the invention of new technologies like the internal combustion engine, electricity, and telecommunications.

Overview

The Second Industrial Revolution was marked by a transition from steam-powered industry to more advanced technologies in manufacturing and production. It began in the latter half of the 19th century, with notable developments occurring in Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom. This period saw the widespread adoption of pre-existing technological innovations such as the Bessemer process for steel production, which greatly increased efficiency and lowered costs, making steel a key material for building and infrastructure.

Key Developments

Electricity became the cornerstone of this revolution, with the introduction of the electric light bulb by Thomas Edison and the development of power systems that could distribute electricity over long distances. This led to the electrification of factories, significantly improving efficiency and worker productivity. The internal combustion engine was another critical innovation, leading to the development of the automobile industry spearheaded by figures like Henry Ford, who also introduced the assembly line method of production.

The expansion of the railroad network facilitated the growth of new markets and the efficient movement of goods and people, further integrating national economies. The telegraph and, later, the telephone revolutionized communication, making it faster and more reliable, which was essential for the coordination of long-distance business operations.

Impact

The Second Industrial Revolution had profound effects on society. It not only transformed industries and economies, making them more efficient and productive, but it also had significant social implications. Urbanization increased as people moved to cities in search of work in factories and industries. This period also saw significant improvements in living standards for many, though it exacerbated conditions of inequality and class division.

The technological advancements of this era laid the groundwork for the modern industrial economy. It also set the stage for the rapid technological and scientific advancements of the 20th century, including the development of aerospace, nuclear energy, and computing technologies.

Conclusion

The Second Industrial Revolution was a pivotal moment in human history, marking the transition to new manufacturing processes and setting the foundation for the modern industrialized world. Its legacy is evident in the continued innovation and technological development that define the contemporary global economy.