Sects of Sikhism

Portrait photographs of Sikh men from various kinds, appearances, and sects of Sikhism, from the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh

Painting of a member of the Udasi sect from a manuscript of the Fuqara'-i Hind, circa early-19th century

Detail of Baba Lakhmi Das (also spelt as Baba Lakhmi Chand; younger son of Guru Nanak) from a painting titled 'Kings and other devotees paying homage to Guru Nanak' from the Wellcome collection, circa 19th century

Painting of a Nirmala Sikh by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65

Mahant Bhai Gulab Singh Ji

The ‘textbook’ Akali Nihang fully armed and ‘tyar bar tyar’

Sects of Sikhism refers to the different groups and movements within the Sikh religion that have emerged over the centuries. Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century in the Punjab region of South Asia, is a monotheistic religion that emphasizes meditation on the name of the one creator, equality of all humans, social justice, and the importance of community service. Despite its core teachings, various sects have developed within Sikhism, each with its own interpretations of the teachings of the Sikh Gurus and distinct practices.

Major Sects of Sikhism

Khalsa

The Khalsa is not a sect in the traditional sense but a significant part of Sikhism. Established by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, in 1699, the Khalsa is a spiritual brotherhood and sisterhood devoted to purity of thought and action. Members of the Khalsa are expected to adhere to strict codes of conduct (the Five Ks) and dedicate themselves to the service of the community. The creation of the Khalsa marked a turning point in Sikh history, emphasizing the martial spirit of Sikhism in defense of righteousness.

Nihang

Nihang Sikhs are known for their distinctive blue robes, elaborate turbans, and martial prowess. They are considered the army of the Guru and are known for their strict adherence to the traditional Sikh code of conduct and their role in historical battles. Nihangs play a significant part in Sikh ceremonies and festivals, where they display their martial skills.

Namdhari

The Namdhari sect, also known as Kuka Sikhs, was founded in the 19th century by Baba Ram Singh. Namdharis hold Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh scripture, in high esteem but also follow the teachings of their living gurus. They are known for their white clothing, vegetarianism, and non-violence, which includes opposition to the slaughter of cows. Namdharis played a crucial role in the early phases of the Indian independence movement.

Nirankari

Originally a reform movement within Sikhism, the Nirankari sect was founded by Baba Dyal Das in the early 19th century. It emphasizes the worship of God as formless (Nirankar). The Nirankari movement was instrumental in reviving the practice of Sikhism according to its original teachings, focusing on the spiritual over the ritualistic. However, in the 20th century, differences led to the establishment of a separate Nirankari organization, which has distinct beliefs and practices from mainstream Sikhism.

Radha Soami

The Radha Soami movement, although not considered a traditional Sikh sect, has its roots in Sikhism. Founded in the 19th century, it teaches a form of spirituality that emphasizes inner light and sound. The movement has a significant following and is known for its spiritual teachings that incorporate elements from various religions, including Sikhism.

Other Groups

There are also other smaller groups and movements within Sikhism, each with its own interpretations and practices. These include the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, which emphasizes continuous devotional singing, and the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), which incorporates Sikh teachings into a lifestyle that includes yoga and meditation.

Conclusion

While Sikhism emphasizes a direct connection with the divine without the need for intermediaries, the development of various sects within Sikhism illustrates the diversity of thought and practice within the religion. Each sect contributes to the rich tapestry of Sikh faith and culture, highlighting different aspects of the Guru's teachings.