Serum sodium

Serum Sodium
Elemental sodium, an essential electrolyte in human physiology

Serum sodium refers to the concentration of sodium ions (Na^+) present in the blood. Sodium plays a crucial role in electrolyte balance, nerve function, and fluid balance within the body. Abnormal serum sodium levels can indicate various medical conditions and require careful evaluation and management.

Overview

Sodium is the primary extracellular cation and plays a pivotal role in maintaining the physiological balance of the body's fluids. It is primarily regulated by the kidney through processes influenced by hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

Normal Range

The typical range for serum sodium in adults is approximately 135-145 mEq/L. However, this range might vary slightly depending on the laboratory that analyzes the sample.

Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia refers to a condition where the serum sodium concentration drops below the lower limit of the normal range. Causes can be multifactorial and include:

• Excessive fluid intake
• Conditions causing fluid retention such as congestive heart failure
• Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
• Certain medications

Symptoms may range from nausea and headache to severe neurological manifestations like seizures and coma in profound cases.

Hypernatremia

Hypernatremia denotes elevated levels of sodium in the blood, above the typical upper limit. Causes can include:

• Dehydration
• Excessive salt intake
• Conditions leading to water loss like diabetes insipidus
• Reduced water intake in people with impaired thirst mechanism

The clinical presentation can vary from thirst and agitation to severe neurological deficits if the condition is not corrected.

Management

Management of abnormal serum sodium levels requires a comprehensive approach that includes:

• Identifying and treating the underlying cause
• Monitoring vital signs
• Regular serum sodium level checks
• Adjusting fluid and sodium intake as necessary

See Also

• Electrolyte imbalance
• Water-electrolyte imbalance
• Osmolarity

References

Serum sodium Resources
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