Sinú

Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection or rhinosinusitis, is an inflammation of the sinuses resulting in symptoms. Common symptoms include thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and pain in the face. Other signs and symptoms may include fever, headaches, a poor sense of smell, sore throat, and cough. The cough is often worse at night. Serious complications are rare. It is defined as acute sinusitis if it lasts less than 4 weeks, and as chronic sinusitis if it lasts for more than 12 weeks.

Sinusitis can be caused by infection, allergies, air pollution, or structural problems in the nose. Most cases are caused by a viral infection. A bacterial infection may be present if symptoms last more than ten days or if a person worsens after starting to improve. Recurrent episodes are more likely in persons with asthma, cystic fibrosis, and poor immune function. X-rays are not usually needed unless complications are suspected. In chronic cases, sinusitis may be defined as having symptoms for more than 12 weeks without complete resolution.

Treatment involves symptomatic relief with pain medication, nasal corticosteroids, and nasal saline rinses. Antibiotics are not usually needed. Surgery may be an option in those with chronic sinusitis that does not improve with other treatments. An estimated 10 to 30% of people in the United States and Europe are affected by sinusitis each year. Chronic sinusitis affects about 12.5% of people. Treatment of sinusitis in the United States results in more than 11 billion USD in costs per year. The term "sinusitis" comes from the Latin sinus meaning "bay", "pocket", "curve", or "bosom" and the suffix -itis, meaning "inflammation".

Causes

Sinusitis can be caused by infection, but can also be caused by allergies and chemical or particulate irritation of the sinuses. Most cases are viral in nature and therefore resolve without antibiotics. However, if the condition persists for more than ten days, it may be caused by a bacterial infection.

Infection

The most common cause of sinusitis is a viral infection, especially following a cold. Bacterial infections are the next most common cause. These infections may be preceded by a viral infection that has caused the mucosal lining of the sinuses to become inflamed and blocked, preventing normal mucus drainage and leading to infection.

Allergies

Allergic rhinitis, which is swelling of the nasal mucosa, can lead to sinusitis due to the blockage of the sinus openings. Allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander can trigger allergic reactions that cause sinusitis.

Structural problems

Structural issues in the nasal passages, such as a deviated septum, nasal polyps, or enlarged adenoids, can obstruct the normal flow of mucus and lead to sinusitis.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of sinusitis is usually based on the clinical symptoms and medical history. Imaging tests, such as a CT scan or MRI, may be recommended in chronic or severe cases to assess the extent of the sinus inflammation and to identify any structural abnormalities.

Treatment

Treatment aims to reduce the inflammation, clear the nasal passages, and treat any infection. Management strategies include:

• Nasal corticosteroids: These are sprays or drops that reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
• Nasal saline rinses: Saline solutions can help to clear the nasal passages of mucus.
• Pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain relief medications can help to alleviate facial pain and headaches.
• Antibiotics: These are prescribed if a bacterial infection is suspected or confirmed.
• Surgery: In cases where there is a structural problem or chronic sinusitis that does not respond to medication, surgery may be necessary.

Prevention

Preventive measures include avoiding known allergens, practicing good hygiene to reduce the risk of infections, and using a humidifier to keep the air moist in dry environments.

See also

• Rhinitis
• Nasal polyp
• Deviated septum