Small for gestational age

Small for gestational age (SGA) refers to an infant born with a weight less than the 10th percentile for gestational age. It is a term used to describe a condition that can occur during pregnancy when a baby does not grow to its expected size in the womb.

Causes

The most common cause of SGA is a problem with the placenta. The placenta is the tissue that joins the mother and fetus, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the baby and permitting the release of waste products from the baby. Other causes can include infections and birth defects. It can also be caused by health problems in the mother, such as:

• Heart disease
• High blood pressure
• Kidney disease
• Malnutrition
• Preeclampsia
• Smoking, alcohol use, or drug use during pregnancy

Diagnosis

SGA may be suspected during pregnancy if the mother's weight gain is slow or if the size of the uterus is smaller than expected. This can be confirmed with an ultrasound. After birth, the baby's weight, length, and head circumference are measured and compared to other babies of the same gestational age.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of the SGA. If the mother's health is responsible, treatment may involve managing the underlying condition. If the problem is with the placenta, the baby may need to be delivered early. After birth, the baby may need to be cared for in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Prognosis

Babies who are SGA may have problems with certain skills and development and may be at risk for certain health conditions later in life, such as diabetes and heart disease. However, with appropriate care and treatment, many SGA babies catch up in height and weight by early childhood.

See also

• Intrauterine growth restriction
• Premature birth
• Low birth weight

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