Sodium stibogluconate

Sodium stibogluconate is a medication used primarily in the treatment of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is an antimonial compound, which means it contains the element antimony. Sodium stibogluconate is administered by injection and is considered one of the main treatments for leishmaniasis, particularly in regions where the disease is endemic.

Chemical Composition and Properties

Sodium stibogluconate is a pentavalent antimonial compound. Its chemical formula is C12H38N3NaSb2O26. The compound is a complex of antimony with gluconic acid, which helps to increase its solubility and bioavailability.

Mechanism of Action

The exact mechanism of action of sodium stibogluconate is not fully understood. However, it is believed to interfere with the energy metabolism of the Leishmania parasites. The drug inhibits the enzyme trypanothione reductase, which is crucial for the parasite's defense against oxidative damage. This leads to the accumulation of toxic substances within the parasite, ultimately causing its death.

Medical Uses

Sodium stibogluconate is primarily used to treat various forms of leishmaniasis, including:

• Cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Visceral leishmaniasis
• Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

The drug is administered via intravenous or intramuscular injection, typically over a period of 20 to 30 days. The dosage and duration of treatment may vary depending on the severity of the infection and the specific type of leishmaniasis.

Side Effects

Common side effects of sodium stibogluconate include:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fatigue
• Myalgia (muscle pain)
• Arthralgia (joint pain)

Serious side effects can include:

• Cardiotoxicity
• Pancreatitis
• Hepatotoxicity
• Renal toxicity

History

Sodium stibogluconate has been used in the treatment of leishmaniasis since the early 20th century. It was one of the first effective treatments for the disease and remains in use today, although newer treatments have been developed.

Related Pages

• Leishmaniasis
• Antimony
• Trypanothione reductase
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Visceral leishmaniasis
• Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

See Also

• Pentavalent antimonials
• Amphotericin B
• Miltefosine