Southern Ocean

Location Southern Ocean

Antarctica-Region

The shrinking Southern Ocean

A new map of Africk, shewing its present general divisions cheif cities or towns, rivers, mountain &c. (8250932292)

Limit of Oceans and Seas - 1st Edition - 1928

Limit of Oceans and Seas - 2nd Edition - 1st July 1937

== Southern Ocean ==

The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, is the oceanic body of water that encircles the continent of Antarctica. It is the fourth-largest ocean and is unique in that it is defined by a current, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, rather than by the continents that surround it.

Geography

The Southern Ocean is bounded by the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately 32 to 48 kilometers wide where cold, northward-flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the sub-Antarctic. This convergence creates a distinct ecological boundary. The Southern Ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica to 60 degrees south latitude, which is the boundary agreed upon by the International Hydrographic Organization.

Climate

The climate of the Southern Ocean is characterized by extreme conditions, with strong winds, large waves, and icebergs. The ocean plays a crucial role in the Earth's climate system, particularly in the regulation of global temperature and the carbon cycle. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current helps to distribute heat and nutrients around the globe.

Marine Life

The Southern Ocean is home to a diverse range of marine life, including krill, which are a key species in the Antarctic food web. Other notable species include the Emperor Penguin, the Weddell Seal, and various species of whales and albatrosses. The unique conditions of the Southern Ocean support a rich biodiversity that is adapted to the cold, nutrient-rich waters.

Human Activity

Human activity in the Southern Ocean is primarily related to scientific research, fishing, and tourism. The Antarctic Treaty System regulates international relations with respect to Antarctica, including the Southern Ocean, to ensure that the region is used for peaceful purposes and scientific research.

Environmental Concerns

The Southern Ocean faces several environmental challenges, including climate change, overfishing, and pollution. The warming of the ocean and the melting of Antarctic ice have significant implications for global sea levels and climate patterns. Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect the unique ecosystems of the Southern Ocean.

Related Pages

• Antarctica
• Antarctic Circumpolar Current
• Antarctic Convergence
• Antarctic Treaty System
• Emperor Penguin
• Weddell Seal
• Krill