Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines; can be caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), involving both the stomach and the small intestine. It is commonly known as the stomach flu or gastric flu, although it is not caused by the influenza virus. Gastroenteritis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, and its symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever.

Causes

Gastroenteritis can be caused by several factors:

Viral infections: Most common cause of gastroenteritis, responsible for 50%-70% of cases. Common viruses include:

• • Norovirus
  • Rotavirus
  • Adenovirus
  • Astrovirus

Bacterial infections: Some common bacteria causing gastroenteritis include:

• • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Campylobacter
  • Escherichia coli

Parasitic infections: Less common, but some parasites causing gastroenteritis are:

• • Giardia lamblia
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Entamoeba histolytica

Symptoms

Common symptoms of gastroenteritis include:

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Dehydration

Diagnosis

Gastroenteritis is typically diagnosed based on a patient's symptoms and medical history . In some cases, further tests may be necessary, such as: Stool test: Helps identify the specific virus, bacteria, or parasite causing gastroenteritis. Blood test: May be used to check for dehydration or other complications.

Treatment

Treatment for gastroenteritis primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing dehydration. This includes:

• Rehydration: Drinking water, clear liquids, and oral rehydration solutions to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
• Rest: Giving the body time to recover.
• Medication: Over-the-counter medications may help alleviate symptoms, such as anti-diarrheal agents or antipyretics for fever. Antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial infections, but are not effective against viral infections.
• Diet: Gradually reintroducing bland foods, such as bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (BRAT diet), as symptoms improve.

Prevention

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of gastroenteritis include:

Handwashing: Regular and thorough handwashing with soap and water, particularly before preparing or consuming food, and after using the toilet. Vaccination: Vaccines are available for some viruses, such as rotavirus. Food safety: Proper food handling, preparation, and storage to prevent contamination and bacterial growth.

Water safety: Ensuring access to safe drinking water and avoiding consumption of contaminated water. Travel precautions: Taking extra care with food and water while traveling, particularly in regions with lower sanitation standards.

Epidemiology

Gastroenteritis is a common illness worldwide, affecting millions of people each year. It is particularly prevalent in developing countries with limited access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities. Children under the age of 5 are at the highest risk for severe complications and death due to gastroenteritis.

External links

Rotavirus – CDC Norovirus – CDC Diarrhoeal Diseases – World Health Organization

See also

Inflammatory bowel disease Irritable bowel syndrome Food poisoning

Gastroenteritis Resources
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